Biology 2 - Disease and Bioenergetics (B5-B9) Flashcards
What are four different pathogenic micro organisms?
Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi, Protists
How do Bacteria cause disease?
They release toxins in your body.
How do Viruses cause disease?
By reproducing inside your cells causing cell damage.
What are the three ways that communicable pathogens can spread between humans?
Direct contact, air or water.
What are the three steps of growing a culture of micro organisms in a petri dish?
- Sterilise equipment : Nutrient agar, petri dishes
- Inoculate the sterile agar with the microbe you want to grow: Sterilise inoculating loop in Bunsen flame, dip loop in bacteria and then draw a zig zag pattern of it on the sterile agar in the petri dish. Seal the dish instantly with tape.
- Store the inoculated plate in an incubation chamber upside down to prevent condensation falling from the lid onto the agar surface.
Why should microbe cultures be kept at 25 degrees?
So that it reduces the likelihood of pathogens growing that can harm humans. These pathogens grow at the temperature of the human body so the cultures must be kept below this temperature.
What are vectors?
Other organisms that can carry disease e.g: rats, mosquitoes.
What is the first line of defense that your body has against pathogens?
Preventative measures against the pathogen entering the body. E.G: skin, muccus, nose hairs
Who discovered Penicillin?
Alexander Fleming
What is Penicillin?
An antibiotic
What are new medical drugs tested for?
Efficacy, toxicity and dosage.
What are double blind trials?
A group of patients with the target disease are each given a drug. Some are given placebo. Neither the doctor nor the patients know who has taken the real drug and who has taken the placebo.
What are four qualities of a good medicine?
Effective, Safe, Stable, Successful
What is the name for something that causes cancer?
Carcinogen
What type of reaction is photosynthesis?
Endothermic.
What is the word and symbol equation for human and plant aerobic respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water
Where does respiration take place in the cell?
Mitochondria
What type of reaction is respiration?
Exothermic
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Carbon Dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen
What is respiration used for in the human body?
Making energy for the muscles.
When is the rate of aerobic respiration the highest in humans?
During excercise.
What is anaerobic respiration?
Respiration without oxygen.
When does anaerobic respiration occur?
When the muscles don’t get enough oxygen.
What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?
Glucose -> Lactic Acid (energy transferred to the environment)
What is an oxygen debt?
The oxygen needed after anaerobic respiration to break down the excess lactic acid.
What is the effect of nitrate deficiency on a plant?
Protein synthesis will be limited so the plant’s growth will be stunted.
What is the effect of magnesium deficiency on a plant?
The plant cannot make enough chlorophyll. The leaves become yellow and growth slows down. Yellowing of leaves is called chlorosis.
What is binary fission?
Reproduction by simple cell division, for example in bacteria.
How do bacteria cells divide (name of cell division)
Binary fission.
What are monoclonal antibodies?
Antibodies produced from a single clone of cells. Each type is specific to one binding site on a specific protein antigen so they can target specific cells in the body or specific chemicals.
How are monoclonal antibodies used?
- For diagnosis in pregnancy tests.
- In labs to measure levels of hormones and other chemicals in the blood to detect pathogens for research
- To identify or locate specific molecules in cells or tissue.
