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Science Exam GR 10 > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is an Eukaryotes cell?

A

A cell with a complex internal organization (contains a nucleus and other organelles) and can form multi and single celled organisms

Example: Tree (Multicellular) and Amoeba (Single cellular)

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2
Q

What is a Prokaryotes cell?

A

A cell with a simple internal organization (Doesn’t contain a nucleus or other organelles)

Example: Ecoli

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3
Q

What is an Organelle?

A

A part of a cell that has a specific function

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4
Q

What are the 7 organelles that are in both plant and animal cells?

A

1) Cell Membrane
2) Nucleus
3) Mitochondria
4) Endoplasmic Reticulum
5) Ribosomes
6) Golgi Bodies/ Apparatus
7) Cytoplasm

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5
Q

What are the 3 organelles found ONLY in plant cells?

A

1) Chloroplasts
2) Cell Wall
3) Vacuole

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6
Q

What are the 3 purposes of cell division?

A

1) Reproduction
2) Growth
3) Damage Repair

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7
Q

What are the 2 basic kinds of reproduction?

A

1) Asexual Reproduction
2) Sexual Reproduction

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8
Q

What is Asexual Reproduction?

A

A type of reproduction that only involves one parent and it’s offspring are exact genetic copies of their parent

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9
Q

What is Sexual Reproduction?

A

A type of reproduction that involves two parents and their offspring inherits genetics from both. Each parent contributes one “Gamete”

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10
Q

What is a Gamete?

A

A half cell that contains half of the DNA of a regular cell

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11
Q

As organisms grow the number of cells increases but the size of the cells do not, why?

A

For a cell to work properly chemicals, water and waste have to travel quickly throughout and out of the cell

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12
Q

What is Diffusion?

A

A transportation method for moving chemicals from an area of high to low concentration

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13
Q

What is Concentration?

A

The amount of a substance present in a given volume of solution

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14
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

A transportation method for moving fluids (usually water) from an area of low to high concentration

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15
Q

What 3 things can be repaired by cell reproduction?

A

1) Blood Cells
2) Skin Cells
3) Broken Bones, Cuts and Blisters

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16
Q

What is Cell Division?

A

The increase in cells of an organism

AKA: Mitosis

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17
Q

What are the 4 stages of Mitosis?

A

1) Prophase
2) Metaphase
3) Anaphase
4) Telophase

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18
Q

What happens during Prophase?

A

Chromosomes become visible under a microscope and membrane dissolves

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19
Q

What happens during Metaphase?

A

The chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

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20
Q

What happens during Anaphase? What happens in animal cells?

A

The chromosome pairs split and move to opposite sides of the cell. In animal cells they’re pulled toward the centrioles

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21
Q

What happens during Telophase?

A

Chromosomes become invisible again and nuclear membrane reforms

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22
Q

What happens during Interphase?

A

Genetic material is copied

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23
Q

What is the order that the cell cycle happens in?

A

I,PMAT C

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24
Q

What is Cytokinesis?

A

The final stage of cell division where the cytoplasm divides and 2 new daughter cells are formed.

Plant Cells: A plate is formed into a new cell wall

Animal Cells: The cell membrane is pinched off at the centre

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25
Q

What are the 3 stages of Division?

A

1) Interphase
2) Mitosis
3) Cytokinesis

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26
Q

The organ system used to pump blood is called…

A

The Cardiovascular System

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27
Q

The organ system used for breathing is called…

A

The Respiratory System

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28
Q

The organ system where the brain is used is called…

A

The Nervous System

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29
Q

What are Stem Cells?

A

A type of cell that can be specialized into any type of cell

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30
Q

What is Cancer?

A

a group of cells that grow and divide out of control.

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31
Q

Which phase of the cell cycle does cancer affect the most?

A

Interphase

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32
Q

What are the 2 causes of cancer?

A

1) Hereditary Factors
2) Environmental Factors

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33
Q

Tumour

A

A mass of cells that continue to grow and divide without any obvious function in the body

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34
Q

Benign Tumour

A

A tumour that doesn’t affect surrounding tissues

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35
Q

Malignant Tumour

A

A tumour that interferes with the functioning of surrounding cells; A cancerous tumour

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36
Q

What is the process of Metastasis?

A

When cancer cells break away from the original tumour and settle in a new location where a new tumour forms

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37
Q

Mutations

A

A random change in DNA

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38
Q

What are the 3 possibilities of cells that undergo mutations?

A

1) The cell dies
2) Cell lives and continues to grow and divide
3) Cells may become cancerous

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39
Q

Carcinogen

A

Any environmental factor that causes Cancer

Example: Tobacco Smoke, Radiation (Sunlight), and Viruses ( HPV)

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40
Q

Cancer Screening

A

When you are checked for Cancer even if you have no symptoms

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41
Q

What is done to check for Breast Cancer?

A

Breast Self-Examination

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42
Q

What is done to check for Cervical Cancer?

A

PAP Test

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43
Q

What is done to check for Testicular Cancer?

A

Testicular Self-Examination

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44
Q

What is done to check for Prostate Cancer?

A

Blood Test OR PSA Test

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45
Q

What is done to check for Colon Cancer?

A

Blood Test

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46
Q

What is done to check for Moles/ New Growths/ Sores?

A

Skin Check

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47
Q

What 4 things can you do to prevent getting Cancer?

A

1) Early Detection
2) Be Informed
3) Avoid Smoking
4) Healthy Diet

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48
Q

How many cells are in the human body?

A

Approximately 50 Trillion

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49
Q

What is the largest organ in your body?

A

The skin

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50
Q

Why is Lung Cancer particularly bad?

A

It is resistant to treatment

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51
Q

What are the 5 imaging technologies?

A

1) Endoscopy
2) X-Ray
3) Ultra Sound
4) CT/ CAT Scanning
5) MRI

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52
Q

Endoscopy

A

An imaging technology made of a tube with a light attached that is inserted through the rectum. Sometimes “Forceps” are used to retrieve a sample

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53
Q

X Ray

A

An Imaging technology that is used to view bones and lungs. It is damaging to DNA and produces radiation.

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54
Q

Ultra Sound

A

An Imaging technology that uses sound waves to produce an image of soft tissue

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55
Q

CT/ CAT Scan

A

An Imaging technology that takes several x-rays from different angles to produce a more detailed image

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56
Q

MRI

A

An Imaging technology that used radio waves and magnetic fields to create a detailed image

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57
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue in humans?

A

1) Epithelial
2) Connective
3) Muscle
4) Nerve

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58
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

A type of tissue that’s cells are tightly packed to protect the outer surface of the body

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59
Q

Connective Tissue

A

A type of tissue that joins and supports structures in the body

60
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

A type of tissue that includes the skeletal muscles that help you move and the smoother and cardiac muscles that help your organs move

61
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

A type of tissue that responds to stimulation and sends signals through the body

62
Q

What are the 3 types of stem cells?

A

1) Adult Stem Cells
2) Umbilical Cord Stem Cells
3) Embryonic Stem Cells

63
Q

Embryonic Stem Cells

A

A type of stem cell that can become any tissue in the body

64
Q

Adult Stem Cells

A

A type of stem cell that can self renew

65
Q

Umbilical Cord Stem Cells

A

A type of stem cell that can be used to generate blood cells and cells of the immune system

66
Q

Cellular Differentiation

A

The process where a cell becomes specialized to perform a specific task

67
Q

Absorption

A

When particles are taken into cells

68
Q

Active Transport

A

When cells use energy to move substances across a membrane against the force of diffusion

69
Q

Passive Transport

A

When cells do not use energy to move substances across a membrane going with the flow of diffusion

70
Q

Egestion

A

When organisms get rid of the unusable components of food

71
Q

Ingestion

A

When organisms take in food and nutrients into the body

72
Q

Digestion

A

When food is broken down small enough to be used by cells

73
Q

Peristasis

A

Wave-like contractions of muscle that move food through our digestive tract

74
Q

What are the 3 points in the cell theory?

A

1) All living things are made up of cells
2) Cells are the simplest unit that can carry out life processes
3) All cells come from previous cells

75
Q

What are the 5 parts of the digestive system?

A

1) Mouth
2) Esophagus
3) Stomach
4) Small/ Large Intestine
5) Accessory Organs

76
Q

What are the 2 Accessory Organs?

A

1) Pancreas
2) Liver

77
Q

What is the contracting and relaxing action in the esophagus called?

A

Peristaisis

78
Q

Which organ produces Bile?

A

The Liver

79
Q

Which organ is linked to Diabetes? What causes it? What are the side affects?

A

The Pancreas

When the pancreas produces too much insulin

Dizziness due to high/ low glucose levels

80
Q

Which organ is linked to Colitis? What causes it? What are the side affects? How is it diagnosed?

A

The Colon

The lining of the colon becomes inflamed

Viruses and bacteria, narrow blood vessels and the failure of the bodies disease fighting mechanisms

An Endoscope and samples

81
Q

What are the 6 body systems?

A

1) Skeletal
2) Cardiovascular
3) Muscular
4) Digestive
5) Nervous
6) Respiratory

82
Q

What does the circulatory system do?

A

Carries the nutrients in blood around the body , carries away wastes (Carbon Dioxide) and regulates body temperature.

83
Q

In order from largest to smallest; What are the 3 types of vessels?

A

1) Arteries
2) Veins
3) Capillaries

84
Q

What type of tissue is blood?

A

Connective tissue

85
Q

What are the 3 benefits of an organ transplant?

A

1) Knowing they saved a life
2) Both recipient and donor benefit
3) Recipient can live a normal healthy life

86
Q

What are the 3 types of organ donations?

A

1) Living
2) Deceased
3) Xenotransplanation

87
Q

What are the 3 risks of an organ transplant?

A

1) Rejection
2) A new organ could damage the immune system
3) Have to take drugs to prevent the immune system from rejecting the new tissue or organ

88
Q

What 3 organs can be donated by a living donor?

A

1) Kidney
2) Lung Lobe
3) Part of the liver

89
Q

What is the advantage to a liver donation?

A

It has the ability to regrow

90
Q

Who are the people that usually become a living donor?

A

The relatives of the recipient

91
Q

What are potential risks to a living donor?

A

You loose your backup of that organ incase of failure

92
Q

Xenotransplantation

A

An organ transplant from one species to another

Example: Pig to Human

93
Q

Nervous System

A

The organ system made up of the brain, spinal cord and the peripheral nerves

94
Q

Central Nervous System

A

The part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and the spinal cord

95
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

The part of the nervous system that consists of the the nerves that connect the body to the central nervous system

96
Q

What are the 2 functions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

1) To relay information about internal and external environments to the brain
2) To relay instructions from the brain to other parts of the body

97
Q

What are the 3 groups of nerves in the peripheral nervous system?

A

1) Nerves controlling voluntary muscles
2) Nerves carrying information from sensory organs
3) Nerves regulating involuntary actions such as breathing

98
Q

What is brain tissue made of?

A

Neurons

99
Q

Sensory Receptors

A

Special tissues that receive information from our external environment and send signas to our peripheral nerves to our central nervous system

100
Q

What is the function of a* Sensory Receptor*?

A

To send information to the brain

101
Q

What is the function of the Brain?

A

To make sense of all the information we receive from our environment

102
Q

What is the function of the Spinal Cord?

A

To act as a short cut for reflexes

103
Q

What 3 things can permanently damage the brain?

A

1) Viruses and bacteria
2) Problems in other body systems
3) Physical Trauma

104
Q

What are 2 nervous diseases? What are they caused by?

A

1) Multiple Sclerosis; A malfunction of the immune system and the myelin sheath is destroyed
2) Physical Trauma; Damage in the brain from sports etc.

105
Q

What are the 3 types of connective tissue?

A

1) Bones
2) Ligaments
3) Cartilage

106
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

1) Skeletal
2) Smooth
3) Cardiac

107
Q

What are the 6 types of heart scans?

A

1) Electrocardiogram
2) Nuclear Stress Testing
3) Echocardiogram
4) CT Scan
5) Coronary Angiogram
6) Magnetic Resonance

108
Q

What is the function of the Respiratory System?

A

Works with the circulatory system, exchanging gases between air and blood

109
Q

What are the 5 components of the Respiratory System in order?

A

1) Nasal Cavity or Mouth
2) Pharynx (Throat)
3) Tranchea (Windpipe)
4) Bronchi
5) Aveoli

110
Q

Where is the site of gas exchange?

A

Aveloli

111
Q

What is the name of the windpipe?

A

Tranchea

112
Q

What is the name of the throat?

A

Pharynx

113
Q

Respiration

A

The processes that supply oxygen to cells and where wastes are transported to the lungs for exhalation

114
Q

Breathing

A

The movement of gases from the external environment to where they can enter and leave the body

115
Q

What are the 2 diseases of the respiratory system? What are they caused by?

A

1) Tuberculosis; Bacterial growth in the lungs
2) Pneumonia; Inflammation of the lungs

116
Q

What are the upper chambers of the heart?

A

Atriums

117
Q

What do we call a stem cell that takes on a specific function?

A

Differentiation

118
Q

What condition is caused by too much water being absorbed by the large intestine?

A

Constipation

119
Q

What is the name of the vessel with the highest pressure?

A

Aprta

120
Q

What are the 2 types of tumours?

A

1) Benign
2) Malignant

121
Q

What is the difference between a ligament and a tendon?

A

Ligaments join bone to bone Tendons join muscle to bone

122
Q

What is the function of cartilage?

A

Prevents friction

123
Q

What blocks the tracea?

A

Epigladus

124
Q

What are the 5 types of animal cells?

A

1) Muscle
2) Red Blood Cells
3) Skin
4) Bones
5) White Blood Cells

125
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid

126
Q

What are the 3 components of the circulatory System?

A

1) Blood
2) Heart
3) Blood Vessels

127
Q

What 3 tissues make up the heart?

A

1) Cardiac
2) Nerve
3) Connective

128
Q

How does the heart pump blood around the body?

A

All of the cardiac tissue contracts at the same time pushing around the blood

129
Q

What are the 7 characteristics of living things?

A

1) Grow and reproduce
2) Are composed of cells
3) Respond to the environment
4) Requires energy
5) Has a life span
6) Produces off spring
7) Produce waste

130
Q

What are the 9 levels of biological organization?

A

1) Cell
2) Tissue
3) Organ
4) Organ System
5) Organism
6) Population
7) Community
8) Biome
9) Biosphere

131
Q

Cell

A

The basic structural unit of all living things

132
Q

Tissue

A

Similar cells grouped together with a similar structure and function

133
Q

Organ

A

A group of tissues grouped together to perform a specific function

134
Q

Organ System

A

Several organs grouped together to perform a specific function

135
Q

Organism

A

Several organ systems working together

136
Q

Why does an X-ray represent an increased danger to a fetus?

A

An X-ray gives off radiation which can damage the DNA of a growing fetus and pass down the mutation to the next generations.

137
Q

Why can cancer be passed on genetically?

A

A person with cancer shares half of their DNA with their offspring. That DNA can carry on cancerous genes.

138
Q

Why is it important for the esophagus to be made up of smooth muscle

A

To relax and contract involuntarily

139
Q

What is the job of the heart?

A

To pump nutrients in the blood around our body and to carry away waste (Carbon Dioxide)

140
Q

What is the job of the lungs?

A

To breathe in oxygen from our external environment and breathe out waste

141
Q

What is the process that produces specialized cells?

A

Cellular differentiation

142
Q

If someone is experiencing pain in the knee from bone rubbing against bone what is damaged or missing?

A

Cartilage

143
Q

What is nerve tissue made of?

A

Neurons

144
Q

What system tells us when to start/stop eating?

A

the nervous system

145
Q

Electrolyte

A

A substance that dissolves in water to make solutions that conduct electricity

Science Exam GR 10 (3 decks)

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