Biology 241 Topic 1

Question 1

Who was Carolus Linnaeus?

Answer 1

The first taxonomist who created the 5 kingdom hierarchy

Question 2

What was the 5 kingdom hierarchy based on?

Answer 2

How similar organisms were in morphology and nutrition

Question 3

What is the order of the classification

Answer 3

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Question 4

How is binomial nomenclature determined?

Answer 4

Genus species

Question 5

What are the 5 kingdoms

Answer 5

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Question 6

What are the characteristics of Monera?

Answer 6

-unicellular
-no nucleus

Question 7

What are the characteristics of Protista

Answer 7

-Mostly unicellular
-nucleus

Question 8

What are the characteristics of Fungi?

Answer 8

-Multi/unicellular
-nucleus
-differing nutrition

Question 9

Plantae

Answer 9

-nucleus
-photosynthetic
-non-mobile

Question 10

Animalia

Answer 10

-nucelus
-mobile
-heterotrophic

Question 11

What translates DNA into proteins?

Answer 11

Ribosomes

Question 12

What does it mean when the nucleic acid sequence of species are similar? different?

Answer 12

Similar: Closely related
Different: Diverged ancestry long ago

Question 13

What is the 3 domain classification system?

Answer 13

3 classes of organisms based on similarities and differences in their DNA sequence

Question 14

What is a 2 domain system?

Answer 14

The idea that eukarya are an asgard group of archaea, thus there only being 2 domains

Question 15

What are 3 three groups in the 3-domain classifcation system?

Answer 15

Bacteria, Archaea. Eukarya

Question 16

What are the characteristics of bacteria?

Answer 16

• No nucleus (prokaryotic)
• Unicellular
• Peptidoglycan in cell walls
• Small (1-5 um length)

Question 17

What are the characteristics of archaea

Answer 17

• No nucleus (prokaryotic)
• Unicellular
• Some have cell walls made in pseudopeptiglycan
• Small

Question 18

What are the characteristics of Eukarya

Answer 18

-Eukaryotic
-Unicellular or Multicellular
-Some have a cell wall made of cellulose or chitin
- large cells (10-100x larger than prokaryotic cells)

Question 19

What do Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes have in common?

Answer 19

Cytoplasm, DNA, cell membrane, ribosomes

Question 20

What are the differences of Eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Answer 20

Eukaryotes: Nucleus, endomembrane system, organelles, big, multiple linear chromosomes,80s
Prokaryotes: Small, no nucleus, no organelles, 1 circular dna, 70s

Question 21

Why are prokaryotic cells small?

Answer 21

To ensure nutrients can go throughout the cell (surface area to volume ratio is larger)

Question 22

What happens when a cell doubles in size

Answer 22

SA 4x, Vol 8x

Question 23

Why can Eukaryotes be big?

Answer 23

Its endomembrane system and membrane-bound organelles that allow for compartmentalization

Question 24

What is compartmentalization?

Answer 24

When a cell has distinct sections within itself

Question 25

What is horizontal gene transfer?

Answer 25

When a gene from one species becomes part of the genome in another species

Question 26

What does LUCA stand for

Answer 26

Last Universal Common Ancestor

Question 27

What is endosymbiosis?

Answer 27

When an organism lives with a host organism and establishes a mutual symbiotic relationship

Question 28

What is considered evidence for endosymbiosis?

Answer 28

The mitochondria and chloroplasts now in eukaryotes have similar rRNA to prokaryotes

Question 29

What are the 2 ways organisms classified by nutrition?

Answer 29

Its source of energy and carbon

Question 30

What are the 4 ways to call an organism in regards to its method of obtaining energy

Answer 30

Phototroph Chemoorganotroph Chemlithotroh

Question 31

What is a phototroph

Answer 31

Obtain energy through light

Question 32

What is a Chemoorganotroph

Answer 32

Uses organic molecules --> ATP

Question 33

What is a Chemolithoroph

Answer 33

Uses inorganic molecules

Question 34

What are the 2 ways to call an organism to obtain carbon?

Answer 34

-Autotroph -Heterotroph

Question 35

What is an autrotroph?

Answer 35

Self eater, obtains carbon inorganically through carbon fixation

Question 36

What is a Heterotroph?

Answer 36

Other eater, obtains carbon organically by consuming plants/animals/organic molecules

Question 37

What is the order of naming an organism based on how the recieve carbon and energy?

Answer 37

Energy source + Carbon source + troph