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MIDTERMS (2ND SEM) - G12 STEM 1 > BIOLOGY 2 (DEF OF TERMS) > Flashcards

BIOLOGY 2 (DEF OF TERMS) Flashcards

miss lou pls lang

1
Q

Carries information that determines your traits.

A

Gene

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2
Q

Characteristics that you inherit from your parents.

A

Traits

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3
Q

Discrete version of the same gene.

A

Allele

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4
Q

Genes of an organism for one specific trait.

A

Genotype

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5
Q

The physical appearance of a trait in an organism.

A

Phenotype

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6
Q

Genetic feature that “hides” the recessive trait in the phenotype of an individual.

A

Dominant Trait

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7
Q

A trait that is covered over by another form of that trait that seems to disappear.

A

Recessive Trait

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8
Q

Standard way of working out what the possible offspring of two parents would be.

A

Punnett Square

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9
Q

Both dominant and recessive alleles in a gene.

A

Heterozygous

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10
Q

A gene could either have two dominant or recessive alleles.

A

Homozygous

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11
Q

More than two alleles for a trait.

A

Multiple Alleles

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12
Q

Two different versions of a gene aren’t dominant, creating an intermediate or blending for the phenotype.

A

Incomplete Dominance

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13
Q

Universal blood donor.

A

Type O

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14
Q

Universal receiver of blood.

A

Type AB

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15
Q

Two genes are dominant and both of its phenotypes are shown without change of blend or intermediate appearance.

A

Codominance

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16
Q

A group of genes working together to influence a single trait.

A

Polygene

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17
Q

Process in which the gene is blocked by another gene from expressing itself.

A

Epistasis

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18
Q

It happens when a gene influences multiple unrelated traits.

A

Pleiotropy

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19
Q

A law that states that alleles for one gene do not influence alleles for another gene.

A

Law of Independent Assortment

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20
Q

A law that states that two alleles of each gene are packaged into separate gametes.

A

Law of Segregration

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21
Q

The term for the first 22 chromosomes.

A

Autosomes

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22
Q

The term for the 23rd pair of chromosomes.

A

Sex Chromosomes

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23
Q

This sex chromosome has 1500 genes.

A

X Chromosome

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24
Q

This sex chromosome has 20 genes.

A

Y Chromosome

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25
Q

This is a trait controlled by a dominant allele located on one of the autosomes.

A

Autosomal Dominant

26
Q

This is a trait controlled by a recessive allele located on one of the autosomes.

A

Autosomal Recessive

27
Q

A term for a person who has a recessive allele for a paticular disorder and is able to pass it on to future generations.

A

Carrier

28
Q

The term for inheritance from a gene located on one of the sex chromosomes.

A

Sex Linkage

29
Q

Inheritance from a gene on the Y-chromosome.

A

Y-linked

30
Q

Inheritance from a gene on the X-chromosome.

A

X-linked

31
Q

X-Linked RECESSIVE disorders?

Hint: C.H.M.P.

A
  1. Colour blindness
  2. Hemophilia
  3. Muscular dystrophy
  4. Pattern baldness
32
Q

Rest Card.

Turn over after five minutes.

A

Continue.

33
Q

A family tree diagram that shows how a trait is inherited over several generations.

A

Pedigree

34
Q

Inheritance patterns in pedigrees?

Hint: D.R.X.Y.

A
  1. Autosomal dominant
  2. Autosomal recessive
  3. X-linked dominant
  4. X-linked recessive
  5. Y-linked
35
Q

Which was thought to be the genetic material at first due to its complexity?

A

Protein

36
Q

They worked with virulent S and non virulent R strain Pneumococcus bacteria that suggested DNA was probably the genetic material.

A

Fred Griffith

37
Q

This is made of DNA and protein.

A

Chromosomes

38
Q

They proved that DNA is the genetic material when radioactive 32P was injected into bacteria.

A

Hershey & Chase

39
Q

They showed the amount of bases in the DNA.

A

Erwin Chargaff

40
Q

They made diffraction x-ray photographs of DNA crystals.

A

Rosalind Franklin

41
Q

They built the frst model of DNA using another’s diffraction photograph.

A

Watson & Crick

42
Q

This strand FOLLOWS the direction of the replication fork.

A

Leading strand

43
Q

This strand GOES AGAINST the direction of the replication fork.

A

Lagging strand

44
Q

Where does DNA Replication take place in prokaryotic cell?

A

Cytoplasm / Genetic Region

45
Q

This enzyme UNZIPS the DNA and forms the replication fork.

A

Helicase

46
Q

This enzyme UNWINDS the DNA and relieves stress on the DNA separating.

A

Topoisomerase / Gyrase

47
Q

This forms when 2 DNA strands open at an origin.

A

Replication Bubble

48
Q

Where does DNA Replication / Transcription take place in eukaryotic cell?

A

Nucleus

49
Q

This enzyme supplies the complementary strand on the first 10 bases.

A

DNA Polymerase

50
Q

This enzyme adds the primer, first nitrogenous bases.

A

Primase

51
Q

This enzyme proofreads the leading and lagging strand.

A

Exonuclease

52
Q

This is usually found in the lagging strands and is not connected properly and has gaps.

A

Okazaki Fragments

53
Q

This enzyme joins the Okazaki Fragments.

A

Ligase

54
Q

This is a mechanism that repairs damaged DNA throughout the cell cycle.

A

Excision Repair

55
Q

Types of RNA?

Hint: M.T.R.

A
  1. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
  2. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
  3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
56
Q

Codons with sense.

Portion of mRNA that is translated after intron are removed.

A

Exons

57
Q

Nonsense codons that are removed after translation.

A

Introns

58
Q

This is where the mature RNA will exit from the nucleus.

A

Nuclear Pore

59
Q

START codon?

A

AUG / Met

60
Q

STOP codon?

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

MIDTERMS (2ND SEM) - G12 STEM 1 (8 decks)

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