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Biology > Biology 1a > Flashcards

Biology 1a Flashcards

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0
Q

What problems can having too much saturated fat cause?

A

Increased blood cholesterol level

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1
Q

What are the 6 food groups?

A

Carbohydrates, fats, protein, fibre, vitamins, and minerals.

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2
Q

What problem can eating too much salt cause?

A

High blood pressure and heart problems

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3
Q

What can lack of vitamin c cause? (Explain!)

A

Scurvy, which is a disease which causes problems with the skin, joints, and gums.

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4
Q

Why is it important to eat carbohydrates as part of a balanced diet?

A

Because they are a good source of energy.

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5
Q

Give three possible effects of eating too little

A

Fatigue, irregular periods in women, poor resistance to infection.

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6
Q

Does regular exercise increase or decrease your metabolic rate?

A

Increase

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7
Q

Define the term ‘malnourished’

A

Having a diet which is unbalanced

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8
Q

What can obesity cause?

A

Type 2 diabetes, arthritis, high blood pressure, heart disease, cancer

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9
Q

What is protein good for?

A

Growth and repair.

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10
Q

Why does taking regular exercise decrease the risk of becoming obese?

A

It increases the amount of energy used so less is stored as fat, it builds muscle which builds your metabolic rate, the more energy you lose and the less you store, the less likely you are to become obese.

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11
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microorganism which enters the body and causes disease.

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12
Q

What are the three types of pathogen?

A

Bacteria, virus, fungi.

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13
Q

How do bacteria make you ill?

A

By damaging your cells, and producing toxins.

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14
Q

Which is smaller- bacteria or virus?

A

Virus

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15
Q

How do viruses work?

A

Invading cells and then replicating themselves, causing the cell to burst and release the new viruses. The cell damage makes you feel ill.

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16
Q

How does the body stop pathogens getting in?

A

Skin, hairs, mucus in the respiratory tract, and blood clots in cuts.

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17
Q

What is the most important part of the immune system?

A

White blood cells

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18
Q

How do white blood cells stop pathogens?

A

Digesting them, producing antibodies, producono antitoxins.

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19
Q

How does vaccination work?

A

Injecting small amounts of inactive microorganisms which carry antigens which cause the white blood cells to produce antibodies which attack them. When microorganisms of the same type appear again, antibodies can quickly be produced to kill off the pathogen.

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20
Q

What does the MMR vaccine protect against?

A

Measles, mumps, and rubella.

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21
Q

What are the pros and cons of vaccinations?

A

Helped control diseases which where once common e.g. Smallpox, prevents epidemics.
Don’t always work, you can sometimes have a bad reaction.

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22
Q

How do we slow down the rate of development of resistant strains like MRSA?

A

Don’t over-prescribe antibiotics

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23
Q

How do we investigate antibiotics?

A

Growing cultures in Petrie dishes with agar jelly containing nutrients needed for them to grow. Inoculating loops are then used to transfer them to the Petri dish. Paper discs are soaked in antibiotics and placed on the jelly.

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24
Q

What do we do to prevent contamination?

A

Sterilise everything e.g. Passing inoculating loops through a flame and taping a lid to the Petri dish

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25
Q

Why, at school, do we keep the temperatures low in antibiotics investigations?

A

We keep it at about 25 degrees so harmful pathogens don’t grow.

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26
Q

What are antigens?

A

Unique molecules on the surface of pathogens.

27
Q

What are antibiotics designed to do?

A

Kill pathogenic bacteria without harming your cells.

28
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

A big outbreak of disease

29
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

When a disease spreads all over the world.

30
Q

What are the five different sense organs?

A

Eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin.

31
Q

What is a receptor?

A

A group of cells which are sensitive to a stimulus and change stimulus energy into electrical impulses.

32
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

Where all the information from the sense organs is sent and reflexes and actions are coordinated.

33
Q

How is information transmitted to and from the CNS?

A

Neurones.

34
Q

What are effectors?

A

Muscles and glands. Muscles contract in response to a nervous impulse, whereas gland secrete hormones.

35
Q

What is a synapses and how do they work?

A

The connection between two neurones. The nerve signal is transferred by chemicals which diffuse across the gap, which then sets of a new electrical signal in the next neurone.

36
Q

What are reflexes?

A

Automatic responses to certain stimuli

37
Q

How does the reflex arc work?

A

Stimulus, receptor, sensory neurone, relay neurone, motor neurone, effector, response.

38
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers which travel in the blood to activate target cells

39
Q

What is the difference between nerves and hormones?

A

Nerves are faster, act for a shorter time, and act on a very precise area.

40
Q

What are the four stages of the menstrual cycle?

A

Bleeding, lining builds up, egg is released, wall is maintained for 14 days.

41
Q

What are the three main hormones involved in the menstrual cycle?

A

FSH, LH, and oestrogen

42
Q

Where is oestrogen produced?

A

The ovaries

43
Q

What hormones are produced in the pituitary gland?

A

FSH and LH

44
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Causes the egg to mature and stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen

45
Q

What does oestrogen do?

A

Causes LH to be produces and inhibits the release of more FSH

46
Q

What does LH do?

A

Causes the release of the egg

47
Q

What does ‘the pill’ contain?

A

High levels of oestrogen and progesterone.

48
Q

How does IVF work?

A

Eggs are collected and fertilised in the lab, they are then transferred to the woman’s uterus and FSH and LH are given to stimulate egg production so more than one can be collected.

49
Q

What is auxin?

A

A plant hormone that controls growth near the tips of shoots and roots. It moves backwards to stimulate cell elongation.

50
Q

How does auxin promote growth in shoots?

A

Accumulates away from light so the shoot grows towards the light, and on the lower side so the shoot grows upwards.

51
Q

How does auxin affect plant roots?

A

Accumulates on the lower side so the cells on the top elongate and the root bends downwards and towards the side with more moisture so it bends that way.

52
Q

What 4 bodily levels need to be kept constant?

A

Ion content, water, sugar, temperature

53
Q

How do the kidneys regulate ion content?

A

Remove excess from blood and gets rid of it in the urine.

54
Q

How is blood sugar controlled?

A

Insulin

55
Q

How is water lost from the body?

A

Sweat, breath, urine

56
Q

What is body temperature controlled by?

A

The brain

57
Q

What is phototropism, gravitropism, and geotropism?

A

The growth of a plant in response to light, Gravity, and moisture

58
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The functions of your body which try to maintain a constant internal environment.

59
Q

For and against performance enhancing drugs?

A

Athletes have the right to make their own decision, sport isn’t fair anyway because of different equipment and training facilities etc
But it is unfair and they may not be fully informed of the health risks.

60
Q

What are statins?

A

Prescribed drugs used to lower the risk of heart and circulatory disease.

61
Q

What are the three stages of drug testing?

A

Testing on human cells and tissues, testing on live animals, and testing on human volunteers.

62
Q

What is a placebo?

A

A ‘sugar pill’ which looks like the real drug but doesn’t actually do anything.

63
Q

What is a double blind trial?

A

Where neither the patient or the doctor knows whether they’re getting the drug or placebo until all the results have been gathered so the doctors aren’t subconsciously influenced.

64
Q

What is a drug?

A

A substance that alters chemical reactions in the body.

65
Q

What does thalidomide treat?

A

Leprosy and some cancers

66
Q

What do stimulants do?

A

Increase heart rate

Biology (4 decks)

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