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Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What base goes with what base? (The pairs)

A

A + T

G + C

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1
Q

What are the four nitrogenous bases?

A

Thymine, guanine, cytosine, adenine.

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2
Q

Where is the DNA located in a cell?

A

In the nucleus

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3
Q

What type of chromosomes does a female gene have?

A

One pair of x’s

XX

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4
Q

What type of chromosomes does a male gene have?

A

One X and one Y

XY

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5
Q

What’s a gene?

A

A segment of DNA that is passed down from parents to children and confers a trait to the offspring

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6
Q

What’s DNA?

A

Complex giant molecule that controls all the various functions in a cell; usually organised into chromosomes and contained in the cell nucleus.

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7
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Structure in a cell nucleus that carries the genes; each chromosomes consists of one very long strand of DNA, tightly wound

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8
Q

What’s Spermatozoa?

A

Sperm cells

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9
Q

What’s an ova?

A

A female egg

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10
Q

What’s Alleles?

A

A different form of a gene

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11
Q

What are autosomes?

A

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

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12
Q

What are 2 differences between DNA and RNA?

A

RNA is a single stand and instead of having a T (thymine) base it has uracil as a nitrogenous base.

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13
Q

What is transcription, where does it occur?

A

The RNA making a copy of a section of DNA. This occurs inside the nucleus.

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14
Q

What’s translation? Where does it occur?

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA) visits Ribosomes in the cell. Here each triplet is read and coded as an amino acid. The amino acids combine to make a protein. This occurs outside the nucleus

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15
Q

Dominate alleles

A

one that is always expressed

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16
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleuic acid

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17
Q

How many autosomal chromosomes do humans have?

A

44

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18
Q

During which process is the information coded in mRNA transformed into a sequence of amino acid?

A

Translation

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19
Q

What nucleotide bonds to adenine in DNA?

A

Thymine

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20
Q

What is an example of a human cell that undergos mitosis?

A

Skin cell

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21
Q

The primary purpose of meiosis is what?

A

To produce gametes (sex cells)

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22
Q

Meiosis produces cells with the haploid or diploid number of chromosomes?

A

Haploid

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23
Q

A dominant trait is one that is expressed in a …

A

Heterozygous individual where they have two different alleles, but only one is expressed

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24
Q

If the gene that codes for normal type wings in fruit flies has the symbol N and the gene that codes for vestigial (stunted) wings has the symbol n. The genotype of heterozygous flies would be:

A

Nn

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25
Q

In a cross between a homozygous dominant individual and a homozygous recessive individual, the chance of a heterozygous child is: 25%, 50%, 75% or 100% ?

A

100%

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26
Q

The code for normal-type wings in fruit flies has the symbol N and the gene that codes for stunted wings has the symbol n. the phenotype of heterozygous flies would be?

A

Normal wings

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27
Q

The code for normal-type wings in fruit flies has the symbol N and the gene that codes for vestigial (stunted) wings has the symbol n. the genotype of stunted wing flies would be?

A

nn

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28
Q

In a cross between two homozygous dominant individuals, the chance of a heterozygous child is? 0%, 50%, 75% or 100%

A

0%

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29
Q

What do both meiosis and mitosis both involve?

A

The replication of DNA

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30
Q

A sex linked trait is one that …

A

Is caused by a gene carried on the X chromosome

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31
Q

2 heterozygous individuals are bred. The next generation is expected to be:

A

25% homozygous recessive, 50% heterozygous and 25% homozygous dominant

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32
Q

What is the sequence of the making of a DNA cell thing?

A

DNA Instructions ➡ transcription ➡ mRNA instructions ➡ translation ➡ amino acid sequence in protein

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33
Q

Transcription

A

The RNA making a copy of a section of DNA. This occurs inside the nucleus.

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34
Q

Translation

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA) visits Ribosomes in the cell. Here each triplet is read and coded as an amino acid. The amino acids combine to make a protein. This occurs outside the nucleus.

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35
Q

What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

A

RNA is a single stand, instead of having a T (thymine) base it has uracil as a nitrogenous base.

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36
Q

Who was Gregor Mendel and what did he discover?

A

He was a genes philosopher man. He discovered dominant and recessive genes.

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37
Q

What is an example of a Homozygous dominant gene? (Use letter b)

A

BB

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38
Q

What is an example of a Heterozygous gene? (Use letter b)

A

Bb

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39
Q

What is an example of a Homozygous recessive gene? (Use letter b)

A

bb

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40
Q

What is mitosis?

A

A type of cell division

41
Q

What occurs during mitosis?

A

Mitosis is simply a cell dividing and becoming two cells.

42
Q

Describe the process of mitosis?

A

The chromosomes duplicate.
They line up alone the centre of the cell and the cell membrane has disappeared.
The chromatids split at their centre and move to the opposite sides of the cell.
A cell membrane forms around each cell.
Two cells remain from one.

43
Q

What is similar between the parent and daughter cell on mitosis?

A

They are completely identical. They have the exact same number of chromosomes and all.

44
Q

What do mitosis create?

A

Everything except sperm and egg cells

45
Q

Where does mitosis occur in the body?

A

All over the body in somatic (body) cells

46
Q

Each time a male and a female reproduce, how many each, of their genes is passed down to the child?

A

One gene each, so the child gets two genes. Either XY or XX (male or female)

47
Q

On what chromosome do most sex linked problems occur on? And why?

A

Most examples of sex-linkage that you will come across will be those of X-linkage. Because of the small size of the Y chromosomes it does not contain many genes.

48
Q

Where does meiosis occur?

A

Reproduction organs: Gonads, (ovaries, testes) anthers.

49
Q

Are the cells produced in meiosis identical to each other?

A

No, the cells produced are different from original cell and from each other

50
Q

What is mitosis specifically used for?

A

It’s used for growth, development, repair and asexual reproduction

51
Q

How long does mitosis take?

A

A couple of hours

52
Q

Haploid

A

One copy of each specific chromosome, gametes are haploids - 23 chromosomes + gametes - meiosis

53
Q

Diploid

A

Two copies of each specific chromosome, somatic cells are diploid - 23 pairs = 46 chromosomes altogether - mitosis

54
Q

Zygote

A

The first initial formation of the egg and sperm

55
Q

In meiosis what happens to the number of chromosomes that was in the first cell, how many are left?

A

The number of chromosomes in the cell is halved

56
Q

Mutagens

A

Environmental impacts on changes to an individual

57
Q

Do male or female chromosomes determine the sex of a child?

A

Male

58
Q

What are occasional mistakes called with DNA called?

A

Mutations

59
Q

Why do mutations occur?

A

Because DNA replication is a copying process involving huge numbers of base pairs

60
Q

What can a tiny change in the base chain sequence do?

A

A tiny change in the sequence changes the amino acids being coded for which, in turn, may change the protein produced

61
Q

A circle that is coloured in on a gene tree represents?

A

A woman affected by the gene

62
Q

A plain circle on a gene tree represents?

A

A woman

63
Q

A square on a gene tree represents?

A

A male

64
Q

A male with a coloured in square in a gene tree represents?

A

A male affected by the gene

65
Q

A square and a circle joined together on a gene tree represents?

A

No identical twins (dizygotic)

66
Q

Two squares joined together represents on a gene tree?

A

Identical twins (monozygotic)

67
Q

A diamond on a gene tree represents?

A

Sex unknown

68
Q

A square with a line through it on a gene tree represents?

A

A deceased person

69
Q

A circle with a spot in the centre on a gene tree represents?

A

A carrier of a sex linked recessive trait

70
Q

What substance connects the backbone of the DNA to the nucleotides?

A

Sugar

71
Q

What substances make up the backbone of DNA?

A

Phosphate and sugar

72
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans usually contain?

A

23 pairs

73
Q

What is the total number of chromosomes that humans usually have? (Not in pairs)

A

46

74
Q

Are males or females more affected by sex linked diseases? Why?

A

Males because females have to get two alleles to have the disease, the other X chromosome masks the disease, if they only have one then they are a carrier and do not get the disease. Males only need one allele to get the disease becuase they only have one X chromosome (the chromosome that the disease is carried on)

75
Q

Are the resulting cells from meiosis haploids or diploid?

A

The resulting daughter cells or gametes produced by meiosis would be haploid

76
Q

In meiosis, a single diploid cell ends up as?

A

Four haploid cells

77
Q

What can a change in the base chain sequence impact?

A

This may then impact of the normal functioning of the organism

78
Q

What’s an example of a mutation disease?

A

Down syndrome or Turner syndrome

79
Q

In downers syndrome what is the mutation?

A

Extra chromosome 21

80
Q

In turners syndrome what is the mutation?

A

Only one X chromosome (female)

81
Q

DNA and genes is the mechanism by which inheritable characteristics are transmitted from …

A

One generation to the next

82
Q

What did Crick & Watson discover in terms of DNA?

A

The structure

83
Q

What did Franklin discover in terms of DNA?

A

She discovered the double helix, 3D structure

84
Q

Genes determine all … features of an organism

A

Hereditary

85
Q

Gamete

A

Sex cell eg sperm or egg

86
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Identical pairs

87
Q

Hybrid

A

Heterozygous alleles

88
Q

Homozygous

A

Both alleles the same

89
Q

Grigor mendals discoveries?

A

Basic principles of heredity

Mendel discovered that certain traits show up in offspring without any blending of parent characteristics

90
Q

What are mutations?

A

Changes in the DNA or chromosomes

91
Q

What are factors that contribute to mutations?

A

Radiation, chemicals/cancer causing, errors in DNA replication

92
Q

Evolution

A

That organisms change overtime due to changing environmental conditions

93
Q

What are adaptions?

A

Changes in an offsprings DNA because of certain factors

94
Q

What are the processes involved in natural selection

A

Variation - isolation - mutation (genes/environment changes) - animal changes for environment - adapted offspring - genes/DNA - new species!

95
Q

Variation

A

Favourable phenotype - contribution to gene pool

96
Q

Selection

A

Ecosystem factors eg temperature

97
Q

Competition

A

Individuals compete for resources, the organism that survives, breeds

98
Q

Gradually a species will be well suited to its …

A

Environment

99
Q

The … individuals survive, reproduce and pass on their genes.

A

best adapted

100
Q

Biodiversity

A

The variety of plant and animal life in the world or in a particular habitat

101
Q

Biodiversities importance in evolution

A

Without it, no trait can be advantageous over another and therefore natural selection and evolution cannot occur.

Biology (8 decks)

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