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Biology 30 > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is microbiology?

A

Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.

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2
Q

True or False: All microorganisms are harmful to humans.

A

False

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3
Q

Fill in the blank: The smallest unit of life is called a ______.

A

cell

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4
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic cells are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, such as bacteria.

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5
Q

What is the function of ribosomes in a cell?

A

Ribosomes synthesize proteins by translating messenger RNA.

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6
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of microorganism? A) Bacteria B) Viruses C) Algae D) Macrophages

A

D) Macrophages

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7
Q

What is the role of fungi in the ecosystem?

A

Fungi decompose organic matter, recycling nutrients and forming symbiotic relationships with plants.

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8
Q

True or False: Viruses can reproduce on their own.

A

False

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9
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A pathogen is a microorganism that causes disease.

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10
Q

Fill in the blank: Bacteria reproduce asexually through a process called ______.

A

binary fission

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11
Q

What is antibiotic resistance?

A

Antibiotic resistance is the ability of bacteria to resist the effects of medications that once killed them or inhibited their growth.

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12
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following diseases is caused by a virus? A) Tuberculosis B) Influenza C) Malaria D) Anthrax

A

B) Influenza

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13
Q

What is the Gram stain used for?

A

The Gram stain is used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall composition.

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14
Q

True or False: All viruses contain DNA.

A

False

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15
Q

What is the purpose of a culture medium?

A

A culture medium provides nutrients and an environment for microorganisms to grow.

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16
Q

Fill in the blank: The study of fungi is called ______.

A

mycology

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17
Q

What are extremophiles?

A

Extremophiles are microorganisms that thrive in extreme environmental conditions, such as high temperature or salinity.

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18
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a characteristic of eukaryotic cells? A) No nucleus B) Single-celled C) Membrane-bound organelles D) Smaller than prokaryotes

A

C) Membrane-bound organelles

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19
Q

What is a biofilm?

A

A biofilm is a complex community of microorganisms that adhere to surfaces and are embedded in a protective extracellular matrix.

20
Q

True or False: Bacteria can perform photosynthesis.

A

True

21
Q

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic bacteria?

A

Aerobic bacteria require oxygen to survive, while anaerobic bacteria do not.

22
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of converting sugars into alcohol is called ______.

A

fermentation

23
Q

What is the importance of the nitrogen cycle in microbiology?

A

The nitrogen cycle is crucial for the conversion of nitrogen into forms usable by living organisms, facilitated by nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

24
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a method of microbial control? A) Sterilization B) Pasteurization C) Fermentation D) Disinfection

A

C) Fermentation

25
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria that can replicate independently of chromosomal DNA.

26
Q

True or False: All fungi are multicellular.

A

False

27
Q

What is the primary function of the cell wall in bacteria?

A

The cell wall provides structural support and protection to the bacterial cell.

28
Q

Fill in the blank: The enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide in cells is called ______.

A

catalase

29
Q

What is the role of the microbiome in human health?

A

The microbiome helps to digest food, produce vitamins, and protect against pathogens.

30
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a method of genetic transfer in bacteria? A) Conjugation B) Mitosis C) Meiosis D) Binary fission

A

A) Conjugation

31
Q

What are vaccines?

A

Vaccines are biological preparations that provide acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease.

32
Q

True or False: Yeasts are a type of fungus.

A

True

33
Q

What is the significance of Koch’s postulates?

A

Koch’s postulates are a set of criteria used to establish a causal relationship between a microbe and a disease.

34
Q

Fill in the blank: The primary structure of proteins is determined by the sequence of ______.

A

amino acids

35
Q

What is the difference between infection and colonization?

A

Infection refers to the invasion of a host by pathogens, while colonization refers to the presence of microorganisms without causing disease.

36
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is an example of a eukaryotic microorganism? A) Bacterium B) Virus C) Alga D) Prion

A

C) Alga

37
Q

What is a vaccine’s mechanism of action?

A

Vaccines stimulate the immune system to recognize and fight pathogens without causing the disease.

38
Q

True or False: All viruses have a lipid envelope.

A

False

39
Q

What is the purpose of aseptic technique?

A

Aseptic technique is used to prevent contamination in microbiological work.

40
Q

Fill in the blank: The study of bacteria is called ______.

A

bacteriology

41
Q

What is the role of the immune system in combating infections?

A

The immune system identifies and destroys pathogens through various mechanisms, including phagocytosis and antibody production.

42
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following can be used as an antimicrobial agent? A) Alcohol B) Water C) Sugar D) Salt

A

A) Alcohol

43
Q

What is the function of a vaccine adjuvant?

A

A vaccine adjuvant enhances the immune response to the vaccine.

44
Q

True or False: Microorganisms can be used in bioremediation.

A

True

45
Q

What is the primary method of transmission for airborne diseases?

A

Airborne diseases are primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets or aerosols.

46
Q

Fill in the blank: The process by which bacteria can take up foreign DNA from their environment is called ______.

A

transformation

47
Q

What are the main components of a virus?

A

The main components of a virus are genetic material (DNA or RNA) and a protein coat (capsid).

Biology 30 (3 decks)

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