Biology Flashcards
Neutron
A subatomic practical in the nucleus which is neutral in an atom
Proton
A subatomic particle in the nucleus positive charge of an atom
Electron
A subatomic particle in an atom around the nucleus that is negative
Matter
Anything that makes up matter and has mass
Compound
Substance with a unique, fixed composition that consists of two or more elements
Molecule
The smallest particle of a substance that retains the chemical and physical properties of the substance and is composed of two or more atoms; a group of like or different atoms held together by chemical forces.
Polarity
Difference in electrical charge between different parts of the same molecule
properties of water
polarity, high hydrogen bonding, cohesion, surface tension, adhesion
organic compounds ( macromolecule polysaccharides )
chemical compounds of living things and life processes
Lipids, carbohydrates, proteins
glucose
simple carbohydrate (c6h12o6) stores energy for everything
peptide bond
a chemical bond formed between 2 molecules of carboxylate group when an amino acid reacts with the other amino acids producing h2o
polypeptide
chain of amino acids that or with others such as chains make a protein
nucleotide
a mass molecule containing a sugar; building block of Nucleic acids
DNA
double stranded Nucleic acid that makes up genes and chromosomes
surface are
total area of surface or surfaces
volume
amount of space that a substance of object occupies
fluid mosaic model
a model conceived by s.j. singer and Garth Nicholas in 1972 to describe the structural feature of biological membranes
protiens
organic compound made up of amino acids
cell wall
layers support and protect the cell
chloroplast
organelle in the cells of plants photosynthesis takes places
er (rough and smooth)
organelle makes and transports proteins and
lipids
rough: studded with ribosomes- framework for ribosomes
smooth: no ribosomes. membrane pinch of with proteins
Golgi apparatus
organelle in eukaryotes: process proteins and prepares them for inside and out use
prokaryotic
no nucleus or organelles
eukaryotic
bigger ribosomes MEMBRANE VOUND ORGANELLES
nucleus
organelle inside eukaryotic cells that contains most DNA and control center
mitochondria
organelle in eukaryotic cells that make energy available to the cell in the form of ATP
cytoskeleton
structure of filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm that provides a cell with an internal framework
vacuoles
large sac like organelle that stores and transports material inside a cell
plant membrane VS animal membrane
cell wall and plasma membrane VS cell membrane only
ribosomes
organelle inside all cells where proteins are made
cilia / flagella
protein extensions of the plasma membrane in most prokaryotic cells (helps cell move)
homeostasis
process of maintaining a stable environment inside a cell or organism
hypotonic
more solvent inside so water comes in
turgor pressure
the pressure exerted by water in the cell against the cell wall
sodium- potassium pump
active transport, sodium ions are pumped out. potassium pumped in (with carrier protein and ATP)
autotrophs
organism that makes it’s own food. (photosynthesis)
stroma
space outside thylakoid membrane (Calvin cycle takes place)
concentration gradient
a gradual change in the concentration of solute
facilitated diffusion
diffusion with the help of transport proteins
diffusion
type of passive transport that does not require the help of transport proteins
cytolysis
the dissolution/desecration of a cell by the destruction of a membrane
active transport
movement of a substance across a plasma membrane that requires energy
general equation of light
6co2 + 6h2o + light energy -> c6h12o6+6o2
heterotroph
organism that eats other organism
electron transport chain
series of electron - transport molecules molecules that pass high energy electrons from molecule to molecule & capture their energy
Punnett square
chart for determining the expected is of genotypes
sex chromosomes
x or Y chromosomes in human cell ( tell your sex )
dipoid
having each type of chromosome (full set)
interphase
stage of the eukaryotic cell cycle when the cell grows. synthesizes DNA prepares to divide
chromosome
x of genes carries DNA. 2 chromatids gene. segments of DNA located on chromosomes
recessive
little letter. recessive allele
mono hybrid
the hybrid of parents that is differ at only one gene locus, for which each parent is homozygous
matter
anything that makes up matter & has mass
compound
substance with a unique , fixed
molecule
a group of atom bonded; smallest unit that can have chemical reaction
periodic table
table that tell all the elements
hydrogen bonding
type of chemical bond that forms between molecules : found in water
adhesion
the tendency of of dissimilar particles that cling to each other. Property of water. THE WAY WATER STICKS TO OTHER THINGS.
cohesion
because of the mass of hydrogen binding they stick together in a pattern. Propuesta of water. THE WAY WATER STICKS TOGETHER IN A PATTERN.
carbohydrates
organic compound such as a sugar or starch
fructose
simple sugar
lipids (saturated vs unsaturated)
with as many H as possible (straight) VS organic compound such as fat/oil, not as many possible (bend)
Nucleic acid
organic compound such as DNA or RNA
chloroplast structure and function
in plant cell- photosynthesis takes place (organelle)
wavelength pigment
are molecules with their own characteristics absorption Spector in response to light. the color depends on wavelengths are not absorbed
fermentation
way to make ATP without oxygen. - lactic acid - alcoholic
genotype
the genetic make up of an organism (alleles) that you can’t see
monosaccharide
simple sugar (glucose)
passive transport
movement of substance across a plasma membrane that does not require energy
hypertonic
more solute outside the cell than around so water goes out and it’s shrinked
endocytosis
type of vesicle transport that moves substances into a cell
osmosis
diffusion of water molecules across a membrane
details of photosystems 1 and 2
2 comes first. 1 comes 2nd. transports molecules across membranes
isotonic
same solute inside and out
ion channels
creates pathways for charged ions
exocytosis
type of vesicle transport that moves substances out of a cell
cellular respiration general equation
(glucose is broken down, ATP is made)
c6h12o6 + 6o2 -> 6co2 + 6h2o + chemical energy (in ATP)
lactic acid and alcoholic.
fermentation- pyruvic acid from glycolysis changes to lactic acid
NAD, NADH
energy carrying molecules
kreb cycle
in the matrix (space enclosed by the inner membrane)
products: 2 ATP, 8 NADP, 2 FADH2
relationship between photosynthesis and cell respiration
2 sides of same coin (opposites)
homologous chromosome
pair of chromosomes that have the same size and shape contain the same genes
allele
form of gene (trait) one of a pair, on a specific place on a chromosome
phenotype
an organism physical traits based on equal
co-dominance
(spots) alleles that are equal in (Tt)
autosomes
chromosomes 1-22 in humans without genes for sex
haploid
having only 1 chromosome of each type
cytokinesis
splitting of the cytoplasm to form daughter cells
Mendel
discovered genetics (science of heredity)
dominant
marks recessive traits. what is the main factor do a pair.
incomplete dominance
the t influences the T so turns inbetween
Calvin cycle
2nd stage of photosynthesis in which carbon atoms from co2 are combined, using the energy in ATP & NADPH to make glucose
role of oxygen
use ATP, makes up body, to burn calories for food FINAL PART OF THE ELECTrON RESPTOR ?
glycolysis (reactants and products)
glucose- 2 pyruvic acids & ATP
- 1st stage of cellular respiration
pyruvic acid
pyruvic (organic acid) liquid produces by break down of carbs and sugars during glycolysis
anaerobic vs aerobic
cellular respiration with no oxygen VS cellular respiration with oxygen
adhesion
an object attracted to something similar to itself
cohesion
a molecule attracted to something unlike itself
carbohydrates end in..
ose
cell
building block of life
Test cross
When you have one tall parent and you don’t know if he is Tt or TT, so you determine by the offspring.
Chemiosmosis: atp synthase CREATES ATP
The way atp synthase CREATE ATP
