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Biology Flashcards

1
Q

How many chromosones does a human have?

A

46

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2
Q

When do cells have the need to divide?

A
  • When an organism grows
  • Organisms tissue gets damages and needs cells to repair the tissue
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3
Q

Name a type of cell division?

A

Mitosis

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4
Q

What are eukaryotic cells? What do they make up?

A

Cells that have a nucleus, and these cells make up plants, animals and fungi

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5
Q

What are prokayotic cells?

A

Cells that lack of nucleus and other organellas. And these cells perform more specialised functions

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6
Q

What is cell divison?

A

Cell division is the process in which a parent cell divides, giving rise to two or more daughter cells

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7
Q

What are the three steps of the cell cycle?

A

1- Interphase
2- Mitosis
3- Cytokinesis

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8
Q

Who uses cell division? And what for?

A

Multicellular organism to repair and grow

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9
Q

How does bacteria reproduce?

A

Aesexually

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10
Q

How do cells increase in number? What does the process include?

A

by dividing into two. the prcoess of cell division includes a growth phase where the cells doubles its sub-cellular stucture and DNA before it splits into two.

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11
Q

How does bacteria use the cell cycle?

A

For asexual reproduction

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12
Q

What is a haploid cell?

A

-Is half
- Nucles contains half the dna

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13
Q

What is a diploid cell?

A
  • duaghter cell
  • contains a full nucleus
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14
Q

Which cell is bigger, eukaryotic or prokayotic?

A

Eukaryotic, think of you. you are a human so your “big”

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15
Q

Name some similarites in animal and plant cells:

A
  • Both have a nucles- contains gentic material/DNA
  • Cell membrane- controls what can pass in and out of the cell
  • Cytoplasm- where chemical recations take place
  • Mitochondria- provide energy the cell needs to function> break down glucose in aerobic process that releases enrgy
  • Ribosomes: where proteins are made
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16
Q

Name some differences in animal and plant cells:

A

Plant cell have a rigid cell wall made by celullose- animals dont have a cell wall but a cell membane

  • pemanent vacuole- mixtire of sugar, salts and water
  • cholorplasts- for photosynthesis
  • plant cells are fixed in shape while

-animal shapes are not in a fixed position

  • vacuole in plant cells occupies more space than the vacuole in animal cells that is much smaller
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17
Q

What do eukaryotes have?

A

they have a membrane bound nucleus

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18
Q

Name two lens of a microscope

A

-eyepiece lens and e objective lens

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19
Q

How to measure magnification?

A

through: I AM, triangle
I-image lenght
A- Actual lenght
M- Magnification

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20
Q

How does food pass down the oesophagus? name the process

A
  • peristalsis is the process, its the force that helps with the push down of the chewed nutrients down the oesophagus.
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21
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A
  • absorbs most of the nutrients in your food and your circulatory system passes them on, to other parts of your body to store or use
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22
Q

What is the first part of your intestine called?

A

duodenum

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23
Q

What is the function of the circulatory system in your digestive system?

A

The function of your circulatory system in your digestive system is after the nutrients are absorb by the small intestine, the circulatory system helps passing on the nutrients to other parts of the body, in order to store it or use it

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24
Q

Where is the bile produced?

A

the bile is produced in the liver.

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25
Q

What is bile?

A

Bile is a chemical released by the liver and it is stored in gallblader

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26
Q

What is the equation of photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide+water—-> (help of light energy) glucose+ oxygen

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26
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

bile helps with digestion, it breaks down fats into fatty acids

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27
Q

What are the enzymes in digestion?

A
  • amylase
  • protease
    -liipase
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28
Q

where are each of the enzymes in digestive system found?

A

amylase-made in mouth- breaks down carbs
pancreas
small intestine

protease- produced by stomach- breaks down protein
pancrease
small intestine

lipase- made in salivary glands,and breaks down fats
stomach
pancreas and breaks down fats

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29
Q

What is ceoliac disease?

A

A disease you get when you are allergic to gluten

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30
Q

Is there a solution for the ceoliac disease?

A

Nopeee

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31
Q

What are some causes of the ceoliac disease?

A
  • bloaing
  • dhiarrea
  • weight loss
    -deformation in digestive system
  • lack of energy due to lack of nutrients
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32
Q

What do plants need in order to survive?

A

photosynthesis

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33
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place in?

A

in the leaves inside the chloroplasts

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34
Q

what are cholorpoplasts?

A

plant cell organella that has a pigment called chlorophyl. choloroplasts absorb light for energy to convert carbon dioxide + water —-> glucose and oxygen

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35
Q

what kind of reaction is photosynthesis? (endo or exto)

A

endothermic because it needs light energy from the sun in order to occur

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36
Q

Is respiration endothermic or exothermic?

A

exothermic

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37
Q

Which process in plants produces the glucose required for respiration?

A

photosynthesis

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38
Q

Give two examples of how cells use the energy from respiration.

A
  • to combine small molecules to make larger molecules
  • for muscle contraction
  • maintain body temperature
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39
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The combination of all chemical reactions in an organism

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40
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen ➔ carbon dioxide + water (opposite of photosynthesis)

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41
Q

What is glucose converted to during anaerobic respiration in animals?

A

lactic acid

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42
Q

Complete the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants, yeast
and fungi:

A

Glucose ➔ ethanol + carbon dioxide

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43
Q

What are the two reasons animals cells prefer aerobic respiration to anaerobic respiration?

A

Anaerobic respiration doesn’t break down the glucose molecule completely, and so releases less energy than aerobic respiration

Anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid which can damage cells and leads to an oxygen debt

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44
Q

prodcuts of photosynthesis:

A

glucose and oxygen

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45
Q

what is glucose essential for?

A
  • cellualr respiration- breaking down glucose to release energy
  • making amino acids to make proteins
  • making oils and fats
  • molecule combining to make starch
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46
Q

how to make amino acids?

A

glucose+ nitrate ions

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47
Q

How do plants get the carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis?

A

Plants get carbon dioxide from the air through their leaves. The carbon dioxide diffuses through small holes in the underside of the leaf called stomata. (One of these holes is called a stoma.

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48
Q

How do plants get the water required for photosynthesis?

A

It diffuses from the soil into the root hair cells by osmosis

49
Q

What makes starch a useful long term storage molecule?

A

It is insoluble in water

It can easily be broken down when needed

It is compact

50
Q

Which useful energy transfer or conversion happens overall in photosynthesis?

A

light to chemical

51
Q

what are the two types of respiration?

A

aerobic and anarobic

52
Q

how can farmers ensure that photosynthesis takes place 24 hours a day?

A

atificial lighting

53
Q

main difference between aerobic and anarobic respiration:

A

aerobic respiration takes place with oxygen

54
Q

what damages chloroplasts?

A
  • environemntal stress
  • lack of water
  • virus- tobacco mosaic virus
55
Q

in colder climates what do farmers use?

A

greenhouse that help trap the heat from energy and so increase the temperature. also keep sout pests

56
Q

how do organism maintain their energy?

A
  • maintain body temperture
  • build larger molcules from smaller ones
  • muscualr contraction
57
Q

define metabolism

A

all chemical processes that occur witing a living organism in order to maintain life

58
Q

where does aerobic respiration take place in?

A

takes place in plants and animals, specifically in the mitochondria

59
Q

causes of anarboc respiration

A
  • lactic acid

-incomplete breaksown of glucose molecules as they are not oxidiesed

60
Q

chemical reaction of anarobic respiration?

A

Glucose—-> lactic acid

61
Q

how does yeast and plants use anarobic respiration?

A

glucose —-> ethanol + carbon dioxide

61
Q

chemical reaction of aerobic respiration?

A

glucose + oxygen—> carbon dioxide +water

62
Q

List three factors that affect the rate of diffusion.

A
  • temperature- as higher temperature higher rate of diffusion
  • concentration rate: as larger concentration rate higher rate of diffusion
  • surface area- larger surface area = higher rate of diffusion
62
Q

Which molecules are not able to diffuse into and out of cells?

A
  • starch
  • protein
63
Q

Which molecules are able to diffuse into and out of cells?

A

amino acids
water
glucose

64
Q

In which of the following states can molecules diffuse?

A

liquid and gases

64
Q

Cell membranes are said to be ‘partially permeable’. What does this mean?

A

Only some molecules can pass through the membrane

65
Q

Osmosis is the movement of which molecules?

A

water

65
Q

In living organisms, the partially permeable membrane is usually the ___________

A

cell membrane

65
Q

what is osmois?

A

Osmosis is the net movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane, from a region of higher water concentration, to a region of lower water concentration.

66
Q

What is the definition of an organ?

A

A group of different tissues working together to perform a common function

67
Q

In plants, what are leaves examples of?

A

organs

68
Q

What is the cardiovascular system an example of?

A

organ system

69
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of similar cells working together to perform a common function

70
Q

Explain, using an example, why the digestive system is considered an ‘organ system’.

A

The digestive system is considered an organ system because it consists of a group of organs

that work together to perform the common function…

of digesting and absorbing our food (this mark is for describing the function of the system)

For example the pancreas releases digestive enzymes which help break down the food molecules, while the small intestine absorbs the nutrients (this mark is for giving an example of how the individual organs help - 1 example would be fine).

70
Q

Name 2 features of plant cells that are not also present in bacterial cells.

A

chloroplasts or mitochondria

70
Q

What does it mean if a cell is described as ‘prokaryotic’?

A

organism that dont have a nucleus and lack of organellas

71
Q

Why do root hair cells contain lots of mitochondria?

A

they are very well specialised for active transport of mineral ions from the soil and into the roots.

71
Q

Name 2 features of plant cells that are also present in bacterial cells.

A

cell wall and vacuole

72
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

generate energy for cells, break acids into fatty acids

73
Q

What are Bacterial cells called?

A

Prokaryotes

74
Q

What type of cell is a Bacteria? Multicellular or Unicellular

A

Unicellular

75
Q

What does a bacteria cell contain? What do they not have? How is their dna? what do some spacial bacterial cells have?

A
  • cell mebrane
  • cell wall
  • cytoplasm
  • ribosomes
  • vacuole

Some cells have:
- Plasmids- extra genes like antibiotic resistance
- Flagella- allow bacteria to move around

NEVER HAVE:
- mitochondria
- chloroplasts
- dont keep gentic material in a nucleus instead they have a single strand of dna floating in the cytoplasm

76
Q

name 4 parts of the microscope:

A
  • objective lens
  • eyepiece lens
  • stage
  • fine focus
77
Q

State one advantage and one disadvantage of using an electron microscope compared to a light microscope.

A

Advantages (max 1 mark):

higher resolution

higher magnification

Disadvantages (max 1 mark):

more expensive

more complex to operate

requires more sample preparation steps

cannot be used to observe living cells

78
Q

A student wants to use this light microscope to observe onion cells.

To prepare her slide, the student took a small piece of onion and peeled off a piece of onion skin.

She then placed the skin flat on the slide, added a drop of iodine solution and covered it with a cover slip, making sure that there were no bubbles.

Describe how the student would use the light microscope to view her slide.

A

The student would:

place the slide on the stage

allow 'place the specimen'

select the lowest objective lens

move the stage up

allow 'towards the objective lens'

focus the slide using the coarse focus

change the objective lens to a higher objective lens

repeat the focussing process using fine focus (to make the image clearer)

79
Q

where is cell wall found?

A

only in plants

80
Q

where is cell membrane found?

A

in every single orgnaism

81
Q

where are ribosomes found?

A

animal and plant cell

82
Q

where is a vacuole found?

A

plants and animals

83
Q

what stain we usually use in magnification?

A

iodine stain

84
Q

what stain do we usually use in magnification?

A

iodine stain- to make the internal structures more visible.

85
Q

where does aerobic respiration take place in plants

A

in mitochondria

86
Q

how electron microscopy has allowed us to increase our understanding of subcellular structures.

A
  • Electron microscopes have a higher magnification and a higher resolution than light microscopes.

-More cell structures can be seen under an electron microscope and they can all be seen with greater detail.

87
Q

Discuss the advantages of using an electron microscope to view bacterial structures compared to a light microscope.

A

higher magnification abilities

88
Q

what stain we use in magnification?

A

iodine stain- helps us to see parts of the cell clearer

89
Q

what is plasmids in bacteria?

A

extra genes

90
Q

what is plagella in bacteria?

A

structure helps the bacteria/cell to move around

91
Q

What is the name given to cells that can differentiate into several types of specialised cells?

A

stem cells

92
Q

The shape of the root hair cell is an adaptation.

Explain how this adaptation helps the root hair cell to absorb water and mineral ions from the soil more effectively.

A
  • cell wall
  • increased surface area
  • hair help with absorbing minerals more efficinely
92
Q

what happens immediately before mitosis.

A

chromosones are copied

93
Q

Which cells, found in the early stages of embryonic development, have the potential to differentiate into specialised cells?

A

embryonic cells

93
Q

c)

Complete the diagram to depict the levels of organisation found within a multicellular organism.

Cell →
→ Organ →
→ Organism

A

cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organism

94
Q

he name given to plant tissue that contains these undifferentiated cells is

A

meristematic tissue

95
Q

Why is it an advantage to use stem cells from the patient rather than from a donor?

A
  • able to make more cells
  • easier process
  • more effective process
96
Q
A
97
Q

How many cells are produced from one fertilised egg, after three cell divisions by mitosis?

A

8 cells

98
Q

which process causes the divided cells to become specialised?

A

Differentiation is the process by which divided cells become specialized in structure and function to perform specific roles within an organism.

99
Q

Plant cells divide by mitosis so that the plant can grow.

Give one other reason plant cells divide by mitosis.

A

repair and maintenance. Mitosis allows plants to replace damaged or dead cells, helping to maintain overall tissue health and function.

100
Q

what cells are reffered as gamates?

A

egg cell and sperm cell

101
Q

What is the name of the process that bacteria use to carry out cell division?

A

binary fission

102
Q

why do we incubate bacteria?

A

growth, to see how a bacteria grows. 37 degrees for example because thats when a bacteria starts to grow

103
Q

meaning of diffusion

A

Diffusion is defined as the net movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration.

104
Q

what is osmois?

A

osmois is the net movemnt of water molecules, across a partially permeable membrane, from a regio of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration

105
Q

Suggest why root hair cells have large numbers of mitochondria.

A

They are also filled with many mitochondria so they are very well specialised for active transport of mineral ions from the soil and into the roots

106
Q

What is the name given to the diffusion of water?

A

Osmoisis

107
Q

Give an example of active transport.

A

an example of active transport is a root hair Hair root cells in plants use active transport to absorb essential nutrients and minerals from the soil

108
Q

Give two ways a plant root is adapted for the absorption of water and minerals.

A

Root Hair Cells: The presence of root hairs increases the surface area of the root, allowing for greater absorption of water and nutrients from the soil. These tiny, hair-like extensions maximize contact with the soil and enhance the plant’s ability to take up minerals and water.

Thin Cell Walls: The cells in root hairs have thin walls, which facilitate easier diffusion and osmosis of water and dissolved minerals into the cells. This structural adaptation allows for quicker uptake of essential nutrients and moisture.

109
Q

The digestive system has two main roles. Briefly describe each of them.

A

Digestion - process of breaking down large food molecules into smaller molecules

Absorption - process of absorbing these small food molecules into the body

110
Q
A
111
Q
A

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