Biology Flashcards
cell has a lower concentration of solutes; higher water potential than surrounding extracellular fluid
Hypertonic enironment
An erythrocyte placed in a hypertonic environment would ____, become distorted in shape
crenate
This is the diffusion of water
Osmosis
Cell has a higher concentration of solutes than the solution outside the cell which causes the cell to swell
Hypotonic environment
Cell has equal concentration with the solution outside the cell
Isotonic environment
They act as enzymes and receptor sites; function for chemical transport, intercellular communication, cell-to-cell recognition, and attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
Membrane proteins
What are the functions of membrane proteins?
they act as enzymes and receptor sites;
1. Chemical transport
2. Intercellular communication
3. Cell-to-cell recorgnition
4. Attachmenbt to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
Formation and transport of vesicles:
- Secretory proteins are assembled by the ribosomes on the rough ER which, in turn, extrudes them across the ER into its channels
- Enzymes embedded in the smooth ER may chemically modfy some of the proteins
- Proteins pass through more channels to the Golgi body
- Proteins are encapsulated in vesicles by pinching together of membranes of the Golgi body
- Vesicles then pass through the cytoplasm, fuse with the interior surface of the plasma membrane and release their contents to the exterior
Subclass of the white blood cells that are divided into 2 types: B-_____________ and T-______________
Lymphocytes
Secrete antibodies for humoral immune response, where it binds to the antigen and eventually destroys it
B-lymphocytes
function of B-lymphocytes
secretes antibodies for humoral immune response, where it binds to the antigen and eventually destroys it
Surface barriers and deffensive chemical cells (which are made in the body), cellular and chemical defenses such as neutrophils and interferons (that affect its actions once a pathogen invades a tissue)
Non-specific defenses
what do we mean when we say “humor”
Bodily fluids
processed in the thymus that initiates the attack on foreign bodies
T-lymphocytes
Accomplished by T-lymphocytes; involves attacking the virally infected cells and cancer cells
Cell-mediated response
Alteration of the form of a particular gene or chromosome that results in a new trait to be inherited; can occur in chromosome structure or chromosome number
Mutation
type of mutation where the whole frame of the genetic sequence in changed
Insertion of "I" THE CAT AND DOG RAN THE CAI TAN DDO GRA N
Frameshift mutation
type of mutation where only one nucleotide is modified to become another nucleotide
THE CAT AND THE DOG RAN THE RAT AND THE DOG RAN
Point mutation
3 types of point mutation:
- Silent mutation - causes no change in the activity of the protein
- Missense mutation - results in a change in the activity of the protein
- Nonsense mutation - results to a protein shorter than usual; non-functional
population size per unt area/volume
Population density
2 kinds of factors in population density
a. Density-dependent factor - intensifies as the populaton increases in size
b. Density-independent factor - not related to population size
Ability to maintain a stable environment
Homeostasis
transform from an immature to mature functional form
Development
structural modification in organisms that enable them to adjust to a changing environment
Adaptation
