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Stem407 > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q
  • Postulated by Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow
  • Composed of three tenets:
A

The Cell Theory

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2
Q

Three tenets of cell theory

A
  1. Cells are the smallest and most basic unit of structure and function of an organism
  2. All organism are composed of cells
  3. Cells arise from pre-existing cell
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3
Q

First record of seeing a cell and identifying it belongs to?

A

Robert Hooke

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4
Q

Common structure of cell

A
  • Cell/ plasma membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Genetic Material
  • Ribosomes
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5
Q

The outer boundary of cell that separates its contents from the environment. It varies in composition

A

Cell/plasma membrane

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6
Q

A gel-like substance that constitutes the internal environment and holds all of the structural components of the cell

A

Cytoplasm

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7
Q

Deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) is the genetic material which holds information for cell activities and function

A

Genetic material

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8
Q

Structure that manufacture proteins which are needed for cell function.

Small structures that are scattered throughout the cytoplasm for the process of protein synthesis.

A

Ribosomes

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9
Q
  • Earliest and most primitive cell
  • Contains only simple structures with very little differentiation
  • Size varies from 0.1 - 5 μm
  • Consists of organisms from the Domain, Archea, and Bacteria
A

Prokaryotic Cells

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10
Q

Structure of prokaryotic cell

A
  • capsule
  • cell wall
  • plasma membrane
  • mesosome
  • cytoplasm and cytosol
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11
Q

For activities and function of prokaryotic cell

A
  • ribosome
  • pili
  • flagellum
  • fimbriae
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12
Q

for genetic material of prokaryotic of cell

A
  • nucleoid
  • plasmid
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13
Q

The outermost layer that encases the entire cell for additional protection.

Usually composed of polysaccharides

A

capsule

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14
Q

A rigid case that encloses the entire cell and give the cell a shape.

A

Cell wall

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15
Q

The cell wall of a bacteria are composed of _____, meanwhile archaea does not.

A

Peptidoglycans

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16
Q

A semipermeable membrane that encloses the internal structure of the cell that regulates the passage of molecules into and out of the cell.

A

Plasma membrane

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17
Q

The membrane of a bacteria is composed of 1. _____?

The membrane of archaea is composed of 2. _____?

A
  1. Fatty acids
  2. Non-fatty acids
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18
Q

Folds of the plasma membrane that enter the area of the cytoplasm.

This is where the electron transport system for the creation of cell energy is located.

A

Mesosome

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19
Q

Liquid portion of the cytoplasm

A

cytosol

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20
Q

Prokaryotes have 1. ___ and ___ subunits forming a 2. ___ ribosomes

A
  1. 30s and 50s
  2. 70s
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21
Q

A tail-liked appendage anchored to the cell membrane and wall that allows a prokaryote locomotion through a circular motion.

This can be either be seen at the end of the cell or scattered randomly.

A

Flagellum

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22
Q

additional small and bristle like fibers scattered throughout the cell surface.

They are used for attachment navigation, and propelling certain molecules or molecules or certain objects toward the cell

A

Fimbriae

23
Q

Region of cell where the dna is present.

Prokaryotes do not have an enclosed structure for its genetic materials such as a nucleus.

Ribosomes and enzymes are seen near this region.

A

Nucleoid

24
Q

Small independent loops of DNA which are separate from the chromosomal DNA found in the nucleoid.

Important for the genetic advantage of prokaryotes .

A

Plasmid

25
Q

Highly evolved, complex structures, and larger size compared to prokaryotes

A

Eukaryotes

26
Q

Size range of eukaryotes

A

10 - 100μm

27
Q

Eukaryote is divided into 4 parts

A

Protist, fungi, animalia, and plantea.

28
Q

Eukaryotes heavy 1. ____ of internal structures are known as 2. ____.

A
  1. Compartmentalization
  2. Organelles
29
Q

Eukaryote cell structures can be categorized as either for.

A
  1. structure for protection.
  2. genetic control organelles.
  3. manufacturing, storing, distributing, and breakdown organelles.
  4. Organelles for structural support, movement, and communication between cells.
30
Q

Structures for protection of eukaryotes

A
  1. Cell membrane
  2. Membrane proteins
  3. Cell wall
  4. Cytoplasm
31
Q

Functions as barrier to separate the environment and the internal structures of the cell.

Also regulates the passage of molecules to and from the cell.

A

Cell membrane

32
Q

composition of the two layer of cell membrane

A

phospholipids bilayer

33
Q

Phospholipid are 1. ___ that exhibit both polar (2. ___) and non-polar (3. ___) ends.

A
  1. organic molecules
  2. Hydrophilic
  3. Hydrophobic
34
Q

The cause of phospholipid bipolar nature is due to three key structures it possesses:

A
  1. Charged Phosphate group
  2. Three carbon glycerol molecules
  3. Two fatty acid tails
35
Q

Composed of proteins and other molecules that are randomly scattered.

A

Membrane Proteins

36
Q

The presence of membrane proteins and other molecules is why the cell membrane is termed as ____.

A

Fluid mosaic

37
Q

Structures embedded in cell membrane

A
  1. Transport proteins
  2. Channel proteins
  3. Cell recognition
  4. Junction proteins
  5. Receptor proteins
  6. Enzymatic proteins
  7. Carbohydrate chains
  8. Cholesterol
38
Q

Create passageways for ions and polar molecules to pass freely through the cell membrane

A

Transport proteins

39
Q

form tunnels for the import and export of materials and wastes

A

Channel proteins

40
Q

Enable cells to distinguish own cells from that of other organisms

A

Cell recognition proteins

41
Q

Assist in cell-to-cell adhesion and communication between cells

A

Junction proteins

42
Q

facilitate exchange of signals between calls by changing its shape to allow specific molecules (ligands) to bind to it

A

Receptor proteins

43
Q

participate in metabolic reactions such as degradation and synthesis to sustain life in the cell

A

Enzymatic proteins

44
Q

serve as identification tags for the cell recognition proteins

A

carbohydrate chains

45
Q

strengthens the cell membrane by making it more flexible but less fluid. It also makes the membrane less permeable to water-soluble substances

A

cholesterol

46
Q

An additional boundary between the cell membrane and the environment for added structural support and protection.

Only found in plant cells (also present in bacteria)

A

Cell wall

47
Q

Cell wall composition of fungi

A

Chitin

48
Q

Cell wall composition of algae

A

Polysaccharide cellulose

49
Q

membranous organelles (single membrane)

A

golgi body, lysosomes, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, vesicle, and vacuole.

50
Q

membranous organelles (double membrane)

A

nucleus, mitochondria

51
Q

non-membranous organelles

A

Ribosomes and centriole

52
Q

Genetic control organelles

A

Nucleus and DNA

53
Q

The storehouse

A

Stem407 (13 decks)

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