biology Flashcards
what is meiosis
a form of cell division which produces four non-identical, haploid sex cells or gametes
what’s a haploid cell
a cell that contains a single set of chromosomes
what’s a diploid cell
a cell that contains 2 sets of chromosomes
why must gametes be haploid ?
beacuse they are combining with another gamete
what is mitosis
the production of gametes and sexual reproduction
what does DNA do ?
determines what inherited characteristics you or others have.
what are 2 strands coiled together in DNA
double helix
a set of genetic material
genome
fruit extraction example …
using a simple solution of water soap and salt, you can break away the protein cells that hold the DNA together.
what does mutation stand for
the sequence of bases in the DNA that has changed
what’s causes mutations
Uv light
cigarette smoke
chemicals in environment
background radiation
what’s artificial classification
features eg. colour , shape
what’s natural classification
based on evolution link eg. common ancestor ———- gorillas and humans
name the classification scale: k,p,c,o,f,g,s
kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus , species
what’s genetic engineering
changing the DNA often by inserting new genes
benefits for GM ( genetic mutation)
resistant to disease
new medicine and training
issues with GM ( genetic mutation)
very expensive
health issues
types of pathogens:
bacteria
viruses
fungi
protists
spreading diseases x4
droplet infection ( coughs )
direct contacts (STI)
food and drink ( salmonella)
breaks in skin ( HIV)
5 barriers to infection
Tears
skin
lungs
stomach
scabs
immune response:
pathogens are recognised on outer surface then triggers immune response.
plant diseases example
rose black spot fungus
when was penicillin found
1928 by alexander fleming
what can’t be cured by antibiotics
viral diseases
7 stages of human evolution
dryoipithecus
ramapithecus
australopithecus
homo habilis
homo erectus
homo saipan’s neaderthatlensis
homo sapicans
what is a fossil
remains if a prehistoric plant or animal embedded into a rock
what’s Darwin’s theory of evolution
Organisms that are best adapted for their environment reproduce and pass on the acquired characteristics
what’s natural selection?
the best organisms will survive due to the adaption to the environment
what’s genetic variation
different characteristics as a result of mutations and sexual reproduction
continuous variation…
values changing gradually eg. height
microorganisms that cause diseases
pathogens
dieseases caused by pathogens are
communicable diseases
examples of genetic disorders
down syndrome
turner syndrome
what’s malnutrition
when you eat too little/ much of a particular nutrients.
how to calculate BMI
mass
——-
height ²
cardiovascular disease symptoms
chest pain
weakness
breathlessness
fatigue
cardiovascular increase risk if
smoking, stress, obese
cardiovascular diagnosis
x-rays and MRI scans
cardiovascular treatment
lifestyle changes ( diet and exercise)
medication ( statins - blood cholesterol)
