biology Flashcards by Yixing Zhang

invented the first compound microscope

hans and zacharias jansen

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discovered and came up with the word “cell”

robert hooke

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while looking at the pond of water under the microscope, he observed that he calles “animalcules”

anton van leeuwenhoek

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stated that plants are made up of cell

matthais schleiden

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concluded that animals are made up of cells

theodor schwann

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stated that some cells come from pre-existing cells through cell division

rudoff virchow

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bacteria

prokaryotic

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protest,fungi,animals,plants

eukaryotic

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Single circular
chromosome

prokaryotic

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Multiple circular
chromosome

eukaryotic

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Chromosome found
in a cytoplasmic
region called the
nucleoid.

prokaryotic

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Chromosomes found
in a membranebound nucleus

eukaryotic

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No internal
membranes
Some infolded
plasma membrane

prokaryotic

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Extensive network of
internal membranes

eukaryotic

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“little organs” parts suspended in the cytoplasm and inside the plasma membrane

organelles

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group of channel of organelles that produce and transport substances on the cytoplasm

endomembrane system

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network of sacklike sheets and tubes responsible of various organic compounds

endoplasmic reticulum

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Regulates flow of substances into and
out of cell

plasma membrane

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Metabolism
Cell division

plasma membrane

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Movement

flagellum

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Cytoplasmic region
containing genetic material

nucleoid

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Cytosol: fluid
Ribosomes
Enzymes

cytoplasm

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tiny protein-making machines
that carry out the genetic
instructions of the cell

ribosome

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Serves as a doorway of entering
and exiting materials to and from
the cell in a selective way
Composed of phospolipid bilayer

plasma membrane

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Small circular DNA Replicates independently

plasmid

Protects from drying Protects against white blood cells

capsules

Supports cell Maintains shape Composed of peptidoglycan, which promotes additional protection

cell wall

composed of glycocalyx which enables it to adhere to its surrounding

capsules

the tubes used to transfer plasmids from donor to recipient bacteria

pili or pilus

Allow bacteria to adhere to target host cells, so play a major role in bacterial virulence

fimbriae

used to transport materials from one place to another. Vesicles also function in metabolism and enzyme storage as well

vesicle

Functions for motility The mucosal lining of the nose and trachea contains cilia that filter incoming and outgoing ai

cilia

This allows some substances to enter and pass through the cell

plasma membrane (eukaryotic)

Regulates passage of materials into and out of cell Cell-Cell Recognition

plasma membrane (eukaryotic)

Serves as medium of transport materials inside the cell. Composed of jelly cytosol, which is mainly composed of water and inorganic and organic substances

cytoplasm

Tough and thick layer composed of cellulose

cell wall (eukaryotic cell)

Semisolid, semiliquid part that holds the internal structures (organelles) of the cell.

cytoplasm

Sausage-shaped * Membrane-covered organelles composed of bilipid layer * Powerhouse of the cell * Synthesize life energy– Adenosine Triphosphate

mitochondrion

synthesize proteins mostly for use within the cell

free ribosome

Carrier of genetic material DNA + protein = chromatin 2. Governs cell activities 3. Directs cell reproduction 4. Surrounded by Membrane = nuclear envelope 5. Contains nucleolus— produces ribosomes which synthesize proteins

nucleus (eukaryotic)

Attached ribosomes 2. Prepares proteins for export

rough endoplasmic reticulum (eukaryotic)

Produced by the RER and Golgi apparatus * Contains hydrolytic enzymes called lysozyme that digests substances and worn out cellular parts. * Enable recycling of molecules to produce new parts. * Contains digestive enzymes to digest food in protists or destroy aging organelles

lysosome

Tube-like structure 2. Synthesis of Lipid, phospholipids, and steroids. 3. Drug detoxification 4. Transport of proteins from RER

smooth endoplasmic resticulum

Collects, modifies, packages and distributes proteins and lipids from ER

golgi apparatus

synthesizes proteins for export (secretion) from the cell or for use in lysosome

bound ribosomes

Membrane-bound vesicles that bear the oxidative enzyme, hydrogen peroxide that is responsible for the oxidation and metabolism of very long fatty acids and lipids

peroxisome

Aid in the formation of spindle fibers that pull individual chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell; composed of microtubule unit

centriole

Provides structural support for the cell 2. Maintains cell shape 3. Anchors organelles and proteins 4. Allows for organelle movement and cellular movement in some cell types

cytoskeleton

Photosynthesis: Uses light energy to produce organic molecules

chloroplast (protist,plants)

also known as cell differentiation. it is the process by which generic cells change to different types of cell to be able to perform special functions

cell specialization

adaptation or changes acquired by the cell after cell division that aids the cell in various beneficial ways

cell modifications

hair like structure attached to the surface of the cell and has a wave-like motion

cilia

absorption, locomotion and secretion

apical modification

a whip-like modification that acts like a propeller and its primarily for locomotion

flagella

eyes, nose

non motile cilia

"false feet" enable the organism to make temporary and irregular lobes use for movement and engulf prey

pseudopods

cilia for locomotion

cilia in paramecium

attached to finger like projections called villi. increase the rate of absorption in the intestine, secretion and cellular adhesion

microvilli

attached a cell to extracellular structure, such as the protein fibers in the basement membrane

hemidesmosome

known as cell junctions specialized structure that serves as intercellular connection between two adjacent cells

lateral modification

fasten cell together and provides a strong mechanical attachment to adjacent cell

adhering junctions

facilitate stable adhesion of basal cells to basement membrane

basal modification

allows direct flow of molecules between cells and connect two cells directly from the cytoplasm

gap junctions

held two adjacent cell tightly, prevents leakage of materials between cells and act as a water seal

tight junctions

occurs as sheets of tightly packed cells that cover body surfaces and line internal organs and cavities

epithelium

sense stimuli and transmit signals called nerve impulse

nervous tissue

helps cause movement and change in the shape of some boy parts

muscular tissue

helps protect,support and bind organs and other tissues

connective tissue