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SCIENCE GR 10 > BIOLOGY > Flashcards

BIOLOGY Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell Theory

A
  1. All living things are made up of one or more cells and the products of those cells
  2. Cells are the basic unit of life
  3. All cells come from existing ones
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2
Q

life processes of the cell

A
  • intaking nutrients
  • movement
  • growth
  • reproduction
  • response to stimuli
  • gas exchange
  • waste removal
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3
Q

Types of cells

A

w/o a nucleus: prokaryotic cells
w/ a nucleus: eukaryote

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4
Q

Cell membrane

A

-outer covering, protective layer around all cells
- allows food, oxygen, and water into the cell + waste products

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5
Q

cytoplasm

A
  • gelatin-like substances inside the cell membrane
  • contains nutrients required for the cell to live
  • organelles are suspended within the cytoplasm
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6
Q

nucleus

A
  • directs all cell activities
  • contains instructions (in DNA) for everything the cell does
  • surrounded by a nuclear membrane
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7
Q

nucleolus

A
  • makes components of ribosomes
  • in nucleus
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8
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • network of tubes of membranes
  • carries materials through the cell
    can be:
    1. smooth (no ribosomes on the surface)
    2. rough (ribosomes on the surface)
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9
Q

cytoskeleton

A
  • helps the cell maintain or change its shape
  • made of proteins
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10
Q

ribosomes

A
  • small bodies free or attacked to E.R.
  • produce proteins (protein synthesis)
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11
Q

mitochondria

A
  • place where sugar molecules are broken down into energy
  • cellular respiration
  • glucose into energy
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12
Q

centriole

A
  • found in animal cells
  • helps with cell division
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13
Q

golgi bodies

A
  • compartment in which proteins are sorted and modified
  • stack of membrane-bound vesicles
  • package substances to be transported around the cell
  • sometimes called Golgi apparatus
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14
Q

lysosomes

A

-small, round structures w/ a membrane
- break down larger food molecules into smaller molecules (digestion)
- attack foreign bodies (protection)
- digest old cell parts

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15
Q

vacuoles

A
  • store food, water and waste
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16
Q

chloroplasts

A
  • contain a green pigment chlorophyll
  • where energy from the sun is utilized to make food for the plant
  • photosynthesis
  • made up of “solar collector” thylakoids, a stack if called granum
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17
Q

cell wall

A
  • protects the cell
  • gives shape
  • made up of cellular fibre
  • found in plants, algae, fungi + most bacteria
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18
Q

diff between plant and animal cells

A
  • CELL WALL: only in plants, not animals
  • CHLOROPLASTS: only in plants, not animals
  • PLANT CELLS: large vacuoles (mainly for water shortage)
  • CENTRIOLES: only in animals, not plants
  • ENERGY: plants store energy in the form of starch and oils, animals store energy as glycogen or fats
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19
Q

active transport

A

energy is required for the movement of molecules (ie. against the concentration gradient)
- Endocytosis: the process by which cells bring in materials
- Exocytosis: large molecules are released from the cell

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20
Q

passive transport

A

energy is not required energy for the movement of molecules (ie. diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion(with the concentration gradient)

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21
Q

Diffusion

A

the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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22
Q

Cell Division

A

separation of genetic material and cytoplasm into two equal parts to create 2 new ‘daughter cells’
a) Mitosis - splitting of the DNA
b) Cytokinesis - separation of the cytoplasm into two equal portions

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23
Q

Osmosis

A

the movement of water particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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24
Q

DNA

A

genetic info, organized into chromosomes

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25
Q

Chromosomes

A
  • a long piece of coiled DNA and proteins
  • humans have 46 chromosomes, horses 64, dogs 78,
  • seen only when cell divides
  • when copied, consists of 2 identical copies (sister chromatids)
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26
Q

Chromotin

A
  • form of DNA when cell is not dividing
  • long and stringy substance spread throughout the cell
  • condenses into chromatids
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27
Q

Purpose of cell cycle

A
  1. healing and tissue repair and regeneration
  2. growth of an organism
  3. to keep a small/suitable cell size
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28
Q

Interphase

A
  • cell is growing and preparing for division
  • 90% is inter phase
    a) Growth 1 Phase (organelle replication)
    b) Synthesis Phase (DNA replication)
    c) Growth 2 Phase (growth and preparation for division)
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29
Q

Summary of Mitosis

A

PROPHASE - nuclear membrane and nuclei disintegrate, chromosomes shorten and thicken, two chromatids are connected at the centromere, spindle forms
METAPHASE - Chromatids line up at the centre of the spindle, centromere split, free chromatids are now called chromosomes
ANAPHASE - chromosomes, move to opposite ends of the spindle
TELOPHASE - spindle dissolves, nuclear membrane and nucleoli form

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30
Q

Cytokinesis

A
  • occurs during telophase
  • cell membrane cleaves
  • cell plate, forms cell wall, divides two new cells
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31
Q

Cancer

A
  • when cells divide uncontrollably
  • disrupt other cells functions and take in other cell’s nutrients + food
  • mutations occur in the genes that control cell division
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32
Q

properties of cancer cells

A
  1. reproduce in defiance of the normal restraints
    - don’t stop at the checkpoints in the cell cycle
    - lack cell to cell adhesion sinal
    - resist apoptosis
  2. grow and form a lump; sometimes called a tumour (neoplasm)
  3. invade and colonize territories normally reserved for other cells
  4. quickly alternate shape between round and elongated
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33
Q

causes of cancer mutation

A
  1. viruses - some interfere with cell division by inserting their own DNA
  2. Radiation - high energy radiation like ultra-violent light and x-rays have been linked to skin cancer
  3. Chemicals - cigarette smoke and smog have been linked to lung cancer
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34
Q

Types of cancers

A

carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias/Lymphomas, other forms

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35
Q

Tumour

A

a mass of dysfunctional cells that have grown from mutant parents

36
Q

Stem cells

A

cells that can differentiate into many different types of cells (and tissues)
- divide by mitosis
- the type of cell that the stem cells becomes is determined by signals from DNA

37
Q

Plant Stem Cells

A

Meristematic Cells
- stem cells found in plants
- found in the growing tips of roots and stems and in the cambium
- active throughout the life of a plant, means they continually produce new cells of various types

38
Q

Stems cells in people (where)

A

Embryos (embryonic stem cells), adult tissue (adult stem cells)

39
Q

Organ

A

a specialized group of tissues that perform a specific function (ie. heart, lung, kidney…)

40
Q

Organ system

A

a group of organs that work together to carry out specific duties in the body (11 in the body)

41
Q

The Integumentary System

A

skin, hair, nails, glands
- cover and protects the body, glands help control body temperature

42
Q

The Digestive System

A

mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, pancreas, gall bladder, liver
- ingestion (bringing food into body), digestion (breaking down food into nutrients), absorption of nutrients (into the bloodstream), elimination of wastes

43
Q

The Respiratory System

A

nose, mouth, trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm
- exchange of gases

44
Q

The Circulatory System

A

heart, blood vessels, blood
- transportation of materials (ie. oxygen, nutrients, hormones and waste) within the body

45
Q

The Excretory System

A

skin, kidney, bladder ureter, urethra
- elimination of wastes, production and elimination of urine

46
Q

The Skeletal System

A

bones, carilage
- supports body, allows movement, protects the body, (bone marrow) makes new blood cells

47
Q

The Muscular System

A

skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, tendons, ligaments
- works with the skeletal system to provide movement

48
Q

The Nervous System

A

brain, nerves, spinal cord
- controls body functions; coordinates responses and activities

49
Q

The Endocrine System

A

glands (pituitary, hypothalamus, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, testis)
- makes hormones to control growth and development and metabolism

50
Q

The Reproductive System

A

ovaries, oviducts, vagina, uterus, testes, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra
- reproduction

51
Q

The Lymphatic System

A

white blood cells, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymph vessels,
- protects the body from disease; circulates fluid called lymph; absorbs and transports fats.

52
Q

epithelial tissue

A
  • animal tissue
  • protection, absorption, secretion, sensation
  • found in the outer layer of the skin, lines organs
53
Q

Connective tissue

A
  • supports the other structures in the body
  • protection of organs
  • storage of materials
  • transport of materials
54
Q

Muscle tissue

A

permits movement, long cells called muscle fibers that contract and shorten
- smooth, cardiac, and skeletal

55
Q

Nervous tissue

A

receives stimuli, and transmits information in the form of nerve impulses

56
Q

Meristematic tissue

A

unspecialized tissue in plants
- meristematic (allows plant to grow) or cambium (layer betwen bark and tree)

57
Q

Epidermal tissue

A

bark, outer later of leaf and stems
- guard cells specialize to open and close the stoma to allow CO2 in and O2 out of teh leaf withought a lot of water loss

58
Q

Ground tissue

A

most of the plant
-mesophyll, specialized for photosynthesus

59
Q

Vascular tissue

A

cells that form the inner part of the stem and leaf
PHLOEM: transport sugars from leaves to the rest of the plants
XYLEM: hollow cells that transport water and minerals from the roots to the rets of the plant

60
Q

Skin Cell

A

(animal cell)
provide a protective barrier against mechanical, thermal, and physical injury and hazardous substances

61
Q

Muscle Cell

A

(animal cells)
responsible for all movements that are under voluntary control
- smooth, cardiac, and skeletal

62
Q

Bone Cell

A

(animal cells)
help your bones grow and develop
- Osteoblasts: form new bone tissue
- Osteocytes: maintain the mineral composition of bone tissue
- Osteoclasts: dissolve and reabsorb bone tissue

63
Q

Red blood cells

A

(animal cells)
carry oxygen from the lungs and deliver it throughout the body and transport waste (CO2) and back to our lungs

64
Q

Fat cells

A

(animal cell)
store energy

65
Q

White Blood Cells

A

(animal cell)
protect your body from viruses part of immune system

66
Q

Sperm Cells

A

(animal cell)
provides half of the genetic material needed to form an embryo when combined with an egg from the female body

67
Q

Nerve Cells

A

(animal cell)
sending+receiving neurotransmitters, chemicals that carry information between brain cells

68
Q

Epidermal Cell

A

(plant cell)
serves as a barrier against bacteria and regulates water excretion

69
Q

Guard Cell

A

regulate the opening and closing of stomata in plant leaves, controlling the exchange of gases

70
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

(animal tissue)
cells packed tightly together forming a sheet throughout the body used for protection, absorption, sensation, secretion

71
Q

Connective Tissue

A

(animal tissue)
binds together and supports the other structures of the body, used for protection of organs, storage and transport of material

72
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

(animal tissue)
Bundles of long cells called muscle fibres contain protein that contracts and shortens. Used to permit movement

73
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

(animal tissue)
cells capable of conducting electrical impulses. receives external info and transmits it in the form of nerve impulses

74
Q

Meristematic Tissue

A

(plant tissue)
unspecialized tissue divides to produce new cells. Allow the plant to grow

75
Q

Epidermal Tissue

A

(plant tissue)
surrounds organs, decreases water loss, protects tissue

76
Q

Ground Tissue

A

(plant tissue)
structural supports photosynthesis, store sugar, protection

77
Q

Vascular Tissue

A

(plant tissue)
cells that form inner part of the stem and leaf
- Phloem (cell): transports sugar from leaves to the rest of the plant
- Xylem (cell): transport water and minerals from roots to the rest of the plant

78
Q

route through respiratory system

A
  • nose/mouth
  • pharynx
  • epiglottis
  • trachea
  • left/right bronchus
  • bronchioles
  • alveoli
79
Q

route through circulatory system

A
  • vena cava
  • right atrium
  • AV valve
  • right ventricle
  • pulmonary valve
  • pulmonary arteries
  • pulmonary veins
  • left atrium
  • AV valve
  • left ventricle
  • aortic valve
  • aorta
    then… arteries, capillaries, veins
80
Q

Homeostasis:

A

“steady state” of the body where it functions most efficiently, all organ systems work together to maintain this “steady state”

81
Q

Parts of a plant

A
  • flower (reproductive system of the plant)
  • stem (transports water and nutrients throughout the plant, supports the leaves and flowers)
  • leaf (photosynthesis, has stomata)
  • roots (anchors plant in soil, collects water from soil and transports to the stem, stores food)
82
Q

Parts of a flower in plant

A
  1. Pistil (stigma, style, ovary): FEMALE sex organs
  2. Stamen (anther, filament): MALE sex organs

+ when pollen (produced in anther) and an egg (in the ovary) unite, fertilized eggs become a seed

83
Q

Organs systems in a plant

A

The shooting system: everything above the ground
The root system: everything below the ground

+ these are interdependent

84
Q

Transpiration:

A

the evaporation of water through the stomata in the leaves.

85
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

protein carrier molecules in the cell membrane allow molecules and ions to passively flow from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

86
Q
A

SCIENCE GR 10 (3 decks)

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