Biology Flashcards
1
Q
What dose the nucleus do
A
Controlled the cell
Also whete the dna is stored
2
Q
Cytoplasm
A
Where chemical reactions happen
3
Q
Mitochondria
A
Where resperation occurs
4
Q
Cell membrane
A
Permeable layer
Controlled which substances enter and leave cells
5
Q
Chloroplasts
A
Locations where photo synthesis occurs
6
Q
Cell wall
A
Strengthens and supports the cell
7
Q
Vacuole
A
Fluid filled
Contains Salt and sugar
8
Q
What are carbs for?
A
Energy
9
Q
What are proteins used for?
A
Building cells
10
Q
What are lipids used for?
A
Energy
11
Q
What are vitamins used for?
A
To keep vital processes happening
12
Q
What are minerals used for?
A
Dietary fibre / to help food move through digestive system
13
Q
What’s water used for?
A
Digestion and hydration
14
Q
What happens if you don’t eat enough vitamins or minerals
A
Deficiency diseases eg: scurvy , osteoporosis or rickets
15
Q
What happens when you don’t eat enough food
A
Your body will start to use its lipid stores , you will lose weight , way feel tired or weak
16
Q
What happens if you take in too much energy
A
You will gain weight, if obese it may be a risk to your health , obesity leads to problems like high blood pressure , and heart disease.
17
Q
What happens if you take in too much saturated fat
A
High blood cholesterol levels , which can lead to heart Disease
18
Q
Name 4 things that both plant and animal cells have in common
A
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
19
Q
Name 4 things that plant cells have which animal cells don’t have
A
Cell wall
Vacuole
Chloroplast
Starch grains
20
Q
What 7 life processes must all organisms need to be able to do
A
MRS NERG
MOVEMENT
REPRODUCTION
SENSITIVITY
NUTRITION
EXCRETION
RESPIRATION
GROWTH
21
Q
What is a tissue
A
More than one cell of the same type working together
EG MUSCLE TISSUE
22
Q
What is an eg of an organ
A
Heart - has different tissues working together
23
Q
A group of organs working together will make an organ system give an example
A
Digestive system
Reproductive system
24
Q
Name two plant organ systems
A
Root system and shoot system
25
Cell
Tissue
What next
Organ
Organ system
Organism
26
Name a single called organism
Euglena
27
Explain how a unicellular organism has adapted so it can carry out life processes
They have
Tail like structure so they can move
Have a moist surface membrane so they can absorb oxygen
And excrete waste
Have chloroplasts so they can make food using photosynthesis
28
What test do you use to test for sugar
Benedict’s test
29
Describe how to do a Benedict’s test
Add Benedict’s solution to a sample in a test tube - see separate card on how to prepare food sample
Heat the mixture in a hot water bath
If there is sugar in the sample colour will change from blue to green to yellow to red
The more sugar there is the colour goes towards red
30
What is the test for starch
Iodine
31
Describe how to test a food sample for starch
Add iodine solution to the sample
If starch is present the solution changes to blue/black
If no starch it stays browny/orange
32
What substance do you use to test for protein
Potassium hydroxide and copper sulphate
33
Explain how to do a test f’or protein
Add potassium hydroxide to the mixture and shake then add copper sulphate and leave to sit
If protein is present it will turn purple
34
What substance do you use to test for fats - lipids
Ethanol
35
Explain how you test for lipids
Grind the sample with ethanol
Filter the mixture
Add water
Shake
If there are fats then a white emulsion forms
36
What is sperm
The male sex cells
37
Where’s sperm made
The testes
38
What are the five kingdoms of living things
Plants
Animals
Fungi
Bacteria
Protists
39
Animals can be divided into invertebrates and
Vertebrates
40
What is the thing a vertibrate has that an invertebrate doesn’t
Has a backbone
41
Name 5 types of vertibrate
Mammal
Bird
Reptile
Fish
Amphibian
42
What’s sperm mixed with to make semen
A liquid
43
Look at diagrams on page 25
44
What’s an egg/ovum
A female sex cell
45
When does one of the ovaries release a cell
Every 28 days
46
Where does the egg pass through
The fallopian tube where it may meet sperm
47
What happens if the egg isn’t fertilised
It will die after around 24 hours and pass through the vagina
48
How do you know when an egg is fertilalized
When the nuclei of the sperm and egg cell breaks through the memorial of egg cell.
49
What’s a fertilised egg called
Zygote
50
What happens one week after fertilisation
The embryo implants in the wall of the uterus and placenta develops
51
Read page 26
52
What’s a baby like at 39 weeks
520 mm and fully developed
53
What baby like at 1 month
6mm , brain , heart , eyes, ears, legs
54
What baby like at 9 week
25mm , fully formed , called fetus
55
What baby like at 3 month
54mm , look like baby
56
What baby like at 5 month
160mm , finger nails , kicks
57
What baby like at 7 months
Fair chance of surviving if birthed
58
What is the placenta
It’s an organ that’s attached to the wall of the uterus
59
What attaches the fetus to the placenta
The umbilical chord
60
What is the function of the placenta
Allows oxygen and nutrients from the mother to pass to the fetus
Allows waste products like carbon dioxide to pass from the fetus to the mother
61
How long does the menstrual cycle take
28 days
62
Explain the 4 stages of the menstrual cycle
Stage 1 - day 1 -bleeding starts - lining of the womb passes out of the vagina
Stage 2- day 4- lining of the uterus starts to build up again
Stage 3 - day 14 -an egg is released from the ovaries of the female
Stage 4- day 28- uterus wall is thick waiting for a fertilised egg, if this doesn’t happen the lining breaks down and passes out of vagina
63
What is the male reproductive part of a flower called
Stamen
64
Name the parts of the stamen
An anther - contains the pollen
A filament - supports the anther
65
Name the female reproductive part of the flower
Carpel
66
What does the carpel consist of
Stigma -
Ovary-contains the female sex cell also called an egg cell
67
What’s another name for sex cells in plants
Gametes
68
What is pollination in plants
Where a pollen grain is transferred from an anther (male sex ) cell to a stigma
69
Name two types of pollination
Insect pollination
Wind pollination
70
What features help insect pollination
Scented flowers with brightly coloured petals to attract insects
Flowers which contain nectar
Sticky stigma - to take the pollen off the insect as it goes from plant to plant
71
What features of plants help wind pollination
Plants with no scent and small dull petals
No nectar
Long filaments which hang the anthers outside the flower so a lot of pollen is blown away
Stigmas are feathery to catch pollen as it’s carried past in the wind
72
What is the name of the place where an organism lives
Its habitat
73
Many different organisms can live in the same habitat give an example of this
A fresh water pond is the habitat for
Waterweed
Pike
Water beetles
Tadpoles
Perch
Minnows
Otters
74
What is a food chain
Food chain shows what is eaten by what
75
What is a food web
A food web shows many inter linked food chains
76
Look at the food web on page 42 look at answer
Food web has a top carnivore like the otter that is not eaten by anything
There are primary secondary and tertiary consumers
There are producers such as plants
77
What’s the difference between a food chain and a food web
A food chain has one producer but a food web has many producers
A food chain has just one path of what eats what - but a food web contains many interlinked food chains
78
Name the 4 sampling techniques you can use to investigate the population of a habitat
Pitfall trap
Sweep net
Pond net
Quadrat
79
Explain how to use a pitfall trap
Eg a jar in the ground with some food in and covered slightly. - organisms fall into the container
80
Explain how you use a sweep net for sampling
Sweep the net from left to right - standstill- put the organisms in a jar and count them
81
How do you use a pond net for sampling
Stand in the sample area and sweep the net across the bottom of the pond or river
Turn the net out into a white tray and count the organisms
82
How do you use a quadrat for sampling
A quadrat is a small frame enclosing a known area such as 1m squared
It’s used to count still or slow moving organisms
83
When using a sampling technique what should you do to ensure accuracy
Repeat the test at least 3 times in different areas within the sample area
Work out the average number of organisms found
Collect the sample at the same time of day
Try and keep the variables the same - use the same equipment
84
Can you name the parts of a microscope
See diagram in class notes
85
Name 3 physical changes
Melting
Freezing
Dissolving
86
Nucleus
Stores dna , controls production of protean
87
Write out the photosynthesis word equation
Carbon dioxide + water __——————————————> Glucose and Oxygen
Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight and uses it to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose. Oxygen is also produced.
Chlorophyll is the green chemical found in chloroplasts.
88
What do plants convert glucose produced by photosynthesis into ?
Starch
89
What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis in a plant
1- the amount of carbon dioxide available
2- the amount of chlorophyll the plant cells have
3- the amount of light a plant cell is exposed to
4- the temperature- water temperatures increase the rate of photosynthesis
90
What do plants use glucose produced by photosynthesis for
To increase their biomass ie to grow OR they can store it as starch
91
Describe the starch test on leaf to test if photosynthesis has occurred
1. Put a green leaf in boiling water
2. Now take the leaf out of the water and place it in a test tube containing ethanol
3. Place test tube in boiling water
4. Take leaf out and wash in warm water
5. Place leaf on a white tile and do starch test ie add a few drops of iodine
6. If leaf turns black then it contains starch and has been photosynthesising
7. If leaf turns brown then there is no starch and photosynthesis has not taken place
92
Describe the ways plants are adapted for photosynthesis ?
93
Explain what sustainable development is
It’s when we manage the way we use resources so the needs of our growing population are met without destroying things for future generations
94
Give examples of how the actions of humans can cause the population size of a species to fall
Hunting
Chopping down trees to make way for development-ie taking away a habitat of a species
95
What happens when an organisms habitat is changed or destroyed
Organisms may not be able to survive or reproduce which means the population size will fall
96
Describe the way a drop in population size of one species can have a knock on effect for other species
It can disrupt food webs so one species may decline in number if a food source is eliminated and others in the food web have no choice but to eat the species
97
Describe three conservation schemes which can try to protect species and habitats
Captive breeding scheme eg animals like pandas bred in captivity
Fishing quotas - limits the number of fish species that fisherman can catch . There are also limits on the size of fish species to ensure young fish or shell fish are thrown back into the water
Protected areas- nature reserves and national parks which protect habitats
98
Variation within a species can be continuous or discontinuous- describe continuous variation
Continuous variation- a variation which can take any value within a range of
Eg height - weight - leaf area
On a graph this would show as a smooth distribution curve
99
Variation within a species can be continuous or discontinuous-explain discontinuous variation and give an example of discontinuous variation
Discontinuous variation is a variation which can only take certain values eg blood groups there are just 4 options not a whole continuous range
100
Questions on variation
A student plants a sunflower seed in each of 5 different gardens - after 10 weeks he measures the height of the sunflowers. All the heights are different not - suggest reasons for the variation
Quality of the soil in each garden is different
Some gardens get more sunlight than others
Some flowers may have been watered more than others
The temperature in each of the gardens could be different
101
Name the 5 kingdoms that living things are divided into
Plants
Animals
Fungi
Bacteria
Protists
102
Animals are split into vertebrates and invertebrates ( no backbone). Name the 5 groups of vertebrates
Mammals
Birds
Reptiles
Fish
Amphibians
103
Name some characteristics of mammals
Give birth to young
Suckle young on mil
Have fur or hair
Have lungs
Warm blooded
104
Name some characteristics of birds
Lay eggs on land
Have feathers
Have wings
Warm blooded
105
Name some characteristics of reptiles
Lay eggs on land
Dry scales
Cold blooded
106
Name some characteristics of fish
Lay eggs in water
Have scaly skin
Have gills and fins
Cold blooded
107
Give some characteristics of amphibians
Lay eggs in water
Have smooth moist skin
Cold blooded
108
Describe an arthropod and give an example
Many pairs of legs
Bodies divided into segments
Hard exoskeletons
Eg insects
arachnids
109
Describe the characteristics of an insect
Has 6 legs
A 3 part body
I pair of antennae
110
Describe the Characteristics of an arachnid eg spider
8 legs
2 part body
NO ANTENNAE
111
Is respiration a chemical reaction?
Yes
112
What is respiration the process of?
Releasing energy from food
113
Does aerobic respiration need oxygen?
Yes
114
Where does aerobic respiration take place?
In the mitochondria
115
What reacts to produce water and carbon dioxide in resperation
Glucose and oxygen
116
What’s the word equation for aerobic respiration
Glucose + oxygen = carbon + water
117
Where does glucose come from?
Food
118
Where does the oxygen you breathe in go?
To your blood
119
What is anaerobic respiration
Its respiration without any oxygen
120
Is anaerobic respiration more or less efficient
Less
121
In animals what does anaerobic resperation produce
Lactic acid
122
What is lactic acid
It’s produced in your muscles during exercise and can be painful
123
What is it called when anaerobic respiration produces alcohol
Fermentation
