Biology Flashcards
diffusion
the passive movement of molecules or particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
osmosis
diffusion of water across the plasma membrane from areas of high concentration to low concentration
active transport
substances move against a concentration gradient. going from lower to higher concentrations
virus living or non living
non living; do not have cells
-lysis
To split or break apart
synthesis
To make something
polymer
Many monomers linked together
dehydration synthesis
A process where monomers link together to form polymers
hydrolysis
A process that breaks polymers
monomer
Building block or single unit of polymer
facilitated diffusion
a type of diffusion in which the molecules move from the region of higher concentration to the region of lower concentration using protein pump
Nucleolus
site where chromosomes are made
Smooth ER
produce lipids
Golgi Apparatus
packing proteins for transport
Vacuole
stores material within cell
Chloroplast
what makes plants green
Mitochondrion
makes usable energy for the cell
Cell Wall
protective structure that gives the cell is shape in plants
Ribosomes
site of protein synthesis
Vesicles
transport within the cell
Cytoplasm
jelly like substance
Lysosome/Peroxisome
digests worn out cell parts or food particals
Nucleus
controlls the cell function
Microtubules/Microfilaments
hollow tubes that provide support for the cell
Cell Membrane
membrane surrounding the cell
prokaryotic
cell that does not have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles
eukaryotic
cell that does have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles
stages of cellular respiration in order
glycosis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain
One parent body cell contains 46 chromosomes. At the end of mitosis, each of the two new daughter cells will have
46
Calvin cycle/ light Independant / dark cycle
chemical reactions in photosynthesis NOT requiring the presence of light and involving the reduction of carbon dioxide to form carbohydrate
light dependent
happen in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplasts and occur in the presence of sunlight. The sunlight is converted to chemical energy. The chlorophyll absorbs sunlight and is responsible for photosynthesis.
G1
he period in the cell cycle from the end of cell division to the beginning of DNA replication
G2
the period in the cell cycle from the completion of DNA replication to the beginning of cell division
mitosis
The process by which a single parent cell divides to make two new daughter cells
Cytokinesis
the process by which one cell physically divides into two cells
aerobic
A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates
anaerobic
this type of cellular respiration does not use oxygen to produce energy
mitosis phases in order
- prophase
- metaphase
- anaphase
- telophase
stroma
The cells and tissues that support and give structure to organs, glands, or other tissues in the body
granum
stack of thylakoids
thylakoids
interconnected disc-like sacs of the internal membrane system of the chloroplast
cellular respiration formula
C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 –> 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + ATP or glucose + oxygen — carbon dioxide + water + energy
photosynthesis formula
6CO2+6H2O→C6H12O6+6O2 or carbon dioxide + water —- glucose + oxygen
How many phosphate molecules are present in ATP?
3
CHO 1:2:1
carbohydrates
CHO 1:2
lipids
CHON
proteins
CHONP
nucleic acids
phospholipid
a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule
selective permeability
Property of the cell membrane allowing some materials to pass through while keeping others out
krebs cycle
- takes place in mitochondria
-produces carbon dioxide and 2 ATP
-changes NAD to NADH
electron transport chain
-inner membrane of mitochondria
-makes water and oxygen
-aerobic
-34 ATP
glycosis
the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid
enzyme catalyst
an enzyme that brings about (catalyzes) the reaction by which hydrogen peroxide is decomposed to water and oxygen.
tRNA
carries amino acids to ribosomes
mRNA
messanger rna. DNA copy or message that makes protein
rRNA
structural component of ribosomes.
helicase
he enzyme that separates/unwinds DNA during replication
DNA polymerase
the enzyme that adds DNA nucleotides during DNA replication.
purine
two rings
pyrimidine
one ring
protein synthesis sequence
- transcription
- translation
cladogram
a diagram that shows relationships between species.
convergent evolution
when two unrelated species adapt similar traits
