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Science year 9 > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How many food groups are there

A

7

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2
Q

What are the main food groups

A

carbohydrates
proteins
lipids(fats and oils)
minerals
vitamins
dietary fibre
water

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3
Q

What do carbs do and where do we get them

A

They provide energy and you can get them in potatoes, rice and bread

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4
Q

What does protein do and where do we get it

A

Growth and repair of cells and tissues from fish and meet

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5
Q

What do fats do and where do we get them

A

Insulation and long term store of energy from oils and butters (also avocado)

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6
Q

What do minerals do and where do we get them

A

Iron helps with transportation of oxygen around the body. Calcium makes teeth and bones strong. We get this from red meats, calcium and milk

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7
Q

What does fibre do and where do we get it

A

It helps keep the bowels healthy prevents constipation and colon cancer from wholewheat pastas, fruits and veggies

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8
Q

What does water do and where do we get it

A

It assists with chemical reactions in the body from fruits and veggies and soups

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9
Q

What do vitamins do and where do we get them

A

They help make collagen (for example vitamin C is from oranges, fruits and veggies

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10
Q

Why should we have a balanced diet and what happens if we dont have one

A

A balanced diet supplies the
nutrients your body needs to work
effectively. Without balanced
nutrition, your body is more prone
to disease, infection, fatigue, and
low performance.

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11
Q

What is the nutrient test for sugar/glucose
and what is the starting and ending color

A

benedict’s test
blue to red

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12
Q

What is the nutrient test for starch
and what is the starting and ending color

A

iodine
orange/brown to blue black

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13
Q

What is the nutrient test for protein
and what is the starting and ending color

A

biuret’s reagent
blue to purple

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14
Q

what is an organ

A

A part of the body that
performs a specific function

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15
Q

what does the mouth do

A

ingestion (mechanical and chemical digestion)

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16
Q

what does the oesophagus do (what is the fancy word)

A

peristalis (contracts to move the food down

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17
Q

what does the stomach do

A

acidic, kills bacteria, churns food and there are enzymes

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18
Q

what does the pancreas do

A

produces digestive enzymes (lipase, protease and amylase)

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19
Q

what does the liver and gallbladder do

A

liver: bile, a solution that helps you digest fats
gallbladder: stores bile

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20
Q

what do the small intestines do

A

absorption

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21
Q

what do the large intestines do

A

water reabsorption and faeces

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22
Q

what does the rectum do

A

egestion

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23
Q

what is a substrate

A

a molecule that an enzyme reacts with

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24
Q

what is the lock and key method

A

the enzyme is the lock,
and the substrate is the key. Only
the correct size key, which is the
substrate, enters the keyhole,
which is the active site of the lock,
which is the enzyme.

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25
Q

what is the induced fit method

A

The induced-fit model is where the active site will change to fit the substrate but both might slightly change

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26
Q

what does starch turn into

A

amylase and then maltose

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27
Q

what does maltose turn into

A

maltase then glucose

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28
Q

what does protein turn into

A

proteases and then amino acids

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29
Q

what do lipid and fats turn into

A

glycerol + fatty acids

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30
Q

what are denatured enzymes (and what is the optimum temperature)

A

The optimum temperature for a
enzyme is 37.5. If the enzyme
becomes denatured it will not be
able to fit into the active site

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31
Q

how can enzymes be denatured

A

temperature and pH

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32
Q

what is a bone and what does it contain

A

Bone is living tissue that makes up
the body’s skeleton. They contain
calcium and protein. Protein
provides flexibility

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33
Q

what are bones important for

A

protection, shape, blood
production, calcium storage,
support, movement

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34
Q

what are the 3 types of joints

A

hinge, ball and socket and fixed

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35
Q

what is a joint

A

where 2 or more bones meet

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36
Q

what happens when our body is too hot

A

Vasodilation, Sweating, Pilorelaxation and Strecthing out

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37
Q

what is vasodilation

A

this is when the
arterioles enlarge so more blood
enters the skin capillaries for heat
loss

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38
Q

what is pilorelaxation

A

where the hairs lay flat

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39
Q

what happens to our body is we get cold

A

Vasoconstriction, Shivering, Piloerection, Curling up

40
Q

what is Vasoconstriction

A

is when the
arterioles get smaller to reduce
blood going to skin keeping your
core warm

41
Q

what is Piloerection

A

where hair on you
skin stands up

42
Q

what are pathogens

A

disease causing microbes

43
Q

where can pathogens enter

A

eyes, ears, nose, mouth, genitals and cuts in skin

44
Q

what parts of our body help us to avoid getting pathogens

A

our stomach, skin and airway

45
Q

how does our stomach help avoid pathogens

A

out stomach
contain acid that kills
microorganisms in out food

46
Q

how does our skin help avoid pathogens

A

It forms a scab to
prevent bleeding and to stop
pathogens to get in.

47
Q

how does our airway help avoid pathogens

A

our nose has hairs
and produces mucus to trap
pathogens. The trachea have hairs
called cilia

48
Q

what happens if pathogens get through the first line of defence

A

the immune system comes in

49
Q

what are lymphocytes

A

produces
antidbodies to attack pathogens

50
Q

what are phagocytes

A

they engulfs and destroys
pathogens

51
Q

what is an antigen

A

a trigger to the immune
system to make antibodies

52
Q

what antibodies

A

proteins that lock
onto pathogens

53
Q

what does you immune system involve

A

the blood system around you body

54
Q

what do red blood cells carry

A

oxygen

55
Q

what do platelets help do

A

blood clot

56
Q

what kind of synovial joints are there

A

ball and socket
hinge
pivot

57
Q

where can DNA be found

A

in your cells

58
Q

where does DNA live in where its found

A

nucleus and some in the mitochondria

59
Q

what is DNA’s structure

A

double helix
ATCG

60
Q

what is a gene

A

a section of DNA that codes for a characteristic

61
Q

what does a gene do

A

it provides the information to know the job it needs to do

62
Q

what is a chromosone

A

thin threads in the nucleus

63
Q

how many chromosomes does a human have

A

46

64
Q

what is a chromosome made up of

A

tangled thread of DNA

65
Q

what is AA

A

HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT

66
Q

what is Aa

A

HETEROZYGOUS

67
Q

what is aa

A

HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE

68
Q

what is a genotype

A

the genetic information

69
Q

what is the phenotype

A

physical information

70
Q

what method can we use to predict inheritance

A

punnet squares

71
Q

what is continuous variation

A

no distinct categories
tends to be quantitive

72
Q

what is discontiuous

A

distinct categories
tends to be quantitive

73
Q

why is animals variation good

A

it helps species survive, it is causes by random mutation to an individuals DNA

74
Q

evolution process

A

random mutation
may make individual better adapted to the enviroment
resources are limited for the individual
the ones that survive are better adapted to the enviroment
they pass on their good genes
then it becomes common in the population

75
Q

what is artificial breeding

A

humanity working to code
for a certain charicteristic
not extremely geneticly diverse
fast speed
benefits humanity

76
Q

what is natural breeding

A

natural: chance / the species need
for survival
sometimes genetically diverse
slow speed
benefits species

77
Q

what is genetic modification

A

Genetic modification is the process
of altering the genetic makeup of
an organism.

78
Q

how can we do genetic modification

A

To produce a GM plant, new DNA
is transferred into plant cells.
Usually, the cells are then grown in
tissue culture where they develop
into plants. The seeds produced by
these plants will inherit the new
DNA

79
Q

how do we group

A

Kingdoms
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

80
Q

how can you remember the groups

A

Keep ponds clean or frogs get sick

81
Q

what are the feeding methods

A

consumers, producers and decomposers

82
Q

why do we use dichotomous keys

A

Keys can be used to identify an
organism from a group of
organisms by asking a series of
questions.

83
Q

examples of questions for a dichotomous key

A

is it an animal or plant
vertebrate or invertebrete
flowering or non flowering plant
warm or cold blooded
lungs or gills
how many legs….

84
Q

what is an ecosystem

A

all the organisms in a
particular region

85
Q

what is a habitat

A

an organisms habitat is
where it lives

86
Q

what is a population

A

all of the organisms in
a single species

87
Q

what is a community

A

the different
populations of different plants and
animals in an ecosystem

88
Q

what is a niche

A

it is the organisms way of life
and the role that it plays within its
habitat

89
Q

what is an enviroment

A

a place where an
organism lives and the
circumstances which it lives in

90
Q

what is the difference between biotic and abiotic factors

A

Biotic factors are living things
within an ecosystem; such as
plants, animals, and bacteria, while
abiotic are non-living components;
such as water, soil and atmosphere

91
Q

what does a food chain show

A

the flow of
energy between organisms in an
ecosystem

92
Q

what does the arrow represent in a food chain or web

A

energy is transfered to… or eaten
by

93
Q

how do food chains work

A

producer -> primary consumer ->
secondary consumer ->tertiary
consumer…

94
Q

what do food webs show

A

interconnected food chains in part
of an ecosystem

95
Q

what is the ultimate source of energy in most communites

A

the sun

96
Q

how do you draw a food web

A

bottom to top

tertiary consumers

secondary consumers

primary consumers

producers at the bottom

Science year 9 (3 decks)

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