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Hostory > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Chromosomes

A

have thousands of genes on them, and are composed of a chemical called DNA

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2
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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3
Q

Genes

A

are small sections of DNA on a chromosome, and provide “instructions” which ribosomes use to make proteins.

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4
Q

What is DNA made up of

A

nucleotides, wound together in a double helix (like a twisted ladder).

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5
Q

What is nucleotides made up of

A

sugar (called deoxyribose), a phosphate and a nitrogen base.

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6
Q

The nitrogen bases are

A

Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C) and Guanine (G).

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7
Q

ribosomes in groups of three, called a

A

codon
ribosomes “read” the codon to figure out the instructions for how to synthesize all of the different proteins that the cell needs.

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8
Q

gene

A

a section of DNA that determines a characteristic.

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9
Q

Even one different nucleotide in the gene could cause a totally different protein to be made. True or false

A

True

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10
Q

DNA can make identical copies of itself in a process called

A

DNA replication. Without this, cell division (mitosis & meiosis) would be impossible.

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11
Q

What does the acronym “DNA” stand for?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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12
Q

Describe the structure of DNA

A

DNA is made up of nucleotides, wound together in a double helix (like a twisted ladder).

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13
Q

Describe the function of DNA.

A

provide “instructions” which ribosomes use to make proteins.

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14
Q

Describe the connection between DNA, Genes, Ribosomes, and Proteins.

A

Genes are a sections of DNA that ribosomes can read to make proteins

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15
Q

Mitosis

A
  • Occurs only regular body cells or somatic cells
  • Allows organisms to grow and to replace damaged cells.
  • Original cell is divided into two cells that are identical to the original cell.Each new cell has a full set of chromosomes.
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16
Q

Meiosis

A
  • Takes place in the cells of the testes and ovaries, which are the primary reproductive organs.
  • Make sex cells(sperm & eggs) by taking a cell from an ovary or testes and “halving” the numbers of chromosomes to make two new cells.
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17
Q

Explain why it is important that the DNA doubles before the cell begins meiosis?

A

To ensure that all of the important genetic information ends up in each of the new cells.

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18
Q

Explain the significance of the crossing over (synapse) of the homologous pairs (tetrads) in Prophase I.

A

Homologous chromosomes trade pieces of genetic material, resulting in the alleles combiding , though the same genes are still present.

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19
Q

What is nonjunction

A

Nonjunction occurs when two homologous chromosomes move to the same
pole during meiosis.They don’t separate equally.

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20
Q

Differance between monosomy and trisomy

A

Trisomy is when you have an extra copy of a chromosome. Monosomy is when you are missing a copy of a chromosome.

21
Q

What is downsydrome

A

Down syndrome happens when the person has an extra 21 chromosome.

22
Q

Spermatogenesis Only

A

Symmetrical cytoplasm division
Takes days or week
Occurs in testicles
Less cytoplasm for les movement
Starts around puberty

23
Q

Oogenesis Only

A

asymmetrical cytoplasm division
take months or weeks
Occurs in ovary
more cytoplasm for movement
Starts before birth

24
Q

Whats in both Oogenesis and Spermatogenesis

A

4 cells are made in both of these processes, and each cell ends up with 23 chromosomes in it
Both through meiosis twice
have a chromatin

25
Q

When meiosis occurs in females, the cytoplasm is not divided equally among the resulting four cells. Explain why this is important.

A

More cytoplasm is sent to one of the eggs then the other three eggs because it’s better to have one good bigger egg then 4 ok eggs.One egg needs to have enough nutrients to make it through the uterus without dying due to lack of nutrients

26
Q

What are sex chromosomes

A

Sex chromosomes contain genes that control the sex of an individual. Biological females have two equal sized “X” chromosomes. Biological males have two different sized sex chromosomes - one “X” and one “Y”.

27
Q

What is autosomes

A

Autosomes are the other 44 chromosomes inside the cell. They are not involved in sex determination and contain genes for other features, such as hair colour and height.

28
Q

What are the 5 main factors that determine the biological sex of an individual?

A

The chromosomes they have
The gene on the chromosomes
The hormones that are made
The internal and external sex organs they were born with
The secondary sex characteristics

29
Q

Crispr pros

A

fastest, easiest, and cheapest of the gene editing tool

natural process that’s long functioned as a bacterial immune system.

CRISPR to target not just viral DNA, but any DNA in almost any organism

create new treatments for diseases linked to specific genetic errors, like cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anaemia

not limited to humans

30
Q

Crispr cons

A

Repair process, called nonhomologous end joining, is prone to mistakes and can lead to extra or missing bases.

Don’t know the long term effect

Doesn’t always make just the intended changes

CRISPR can cause many people to lose their job

31
Q

Intrauterine Insemination pros

A
  • allows more sperm to reach the egg by using of a soft, small, and flexible plastic tube called a catheter
  • not painful
  • only a few minutes and allows patients to return almost immediately to regular activities
    -no limit on the number of treatment cycles.
32
Q

Intrauterine Insemination cons

A
  • not recommended in cases where there is a low sperm count and/or blocked tubes.
  • increased risk of multiple pregnancies and of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS).
  • the success rate of IUI can vary significantly and depends on the age, the type of medication and the presence of other fertility problems.
33
Q

Vitro Fertilisation pros

A
  • most effective techniques
  • accurate timing of fertility medication and careful ultrasound monitoring
34
Q

Vitro Fertilisation cons

A
  • increased risk of multiple pregnancies and of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS).
  • the success rate of IVF can vary significantly and depends on the age, the type of medication and the presence of other fertility problems.
  • recommended for women affected by endometriosis, unexplained infertility, tubal blockage, and ovulation
  • One treatment cycle per patient
  • One additional cycle if carrying a baby for someone else
35
Q

A trait that is inherited

A

Eye colour

36
Q

A trait that is shaped by the environment

A

Language

37
Q

A trait that is both inherited and shaped by the environment

A

Height

38
Q

Each trait (eg. skin colour) is controlled by one gene
True or False

A

False

39
Q

The different versions of genes are called alleles.
True or False

A

True

40
Q

The probability of inheriting a certain characteristic is different for each child conceived by a couple.
True or False

A

True

41
Q

Each parent contributes an equal amount of DNA to their child.
True or False

A

True

42
Q

Mutations result in diseases and disorders.
True or False

A

True and False

43
Q

Each of our cells has a copy of the DNA that was present in the first fertilised egg cell that our parents made.
True or False

A

True

44
Q

Genes in some cells are switched off over time, to allow cells to specialise their functions.

A

True

45
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical description of the trait.E.G. Brown eyes or Blue eyes.

46
Q

Genotype

A

The letters assigned to each of the alleles that an individual has E.g. BB or Bb

47
Q

Homozygous (a.k.a. Pure)

A

The individual has two of the same alleles E.g. BB or bb

48
Q

Heterozygous (a.k.a. Hybrid)

A

The individual has two different alleles
E.g. Bb

Hostory (5 decks)

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