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PRELIM > Biology 1.2 > Flashcards

Biology 1.2 Flashcards

1
Q

In which cells are extracted from the pelvic bones of a donor and infused into the body of a recipient.

A

Bone marrow transplantation

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2
Q
  • Blood-forming cells in the bone marrow.
  • Discovered by Earnest McCulloch and James till
  • Responsible for replacing millions of red and white blood cells that age and die every minute in our bodies.
A

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC)

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3
Q

Production of more cells like themselves

A

Capable of renewal

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4
Q

Differentiating into two or more mature cell types

A

Multipotent

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5
Q

are thought to divide and differentiate as needed for the repair of injured muscle tissue

A

Satellite cells

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6
Q

Where the cells are taken from the same patient in which they are used.

A

Autologous treatment

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7
Q
  • Can be obtained from bone marrow
  • Do not produce blood cells but rather a variety of other cell types found in various tissues and organs.
  • Can also be obtained from fat tissue collected during liposuction.
A

Mesenchymal stem cell

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8
Q
  • An MSC based therapy that became the first FDA- approved stem cell therapy.
  • Used to treat crohn’s disease and immune reactions in patients who receive bone marrow transplants.
A

Prochymal

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9
Q

Type of cell isolated from very young mammalian embryos.

A

Embryonic stem cells

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10
Q

are capable of differentiating into every type of cell in the body

A

Pluripotent

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11
Q

Potential procedure for obtaining differentiated cells for use in cell replacement theory:

A
  • Remove somatic cells
  • Fuse somatic cells with enucleated oocyt.
  • Allow to develop to blastocytes
  • Grow ES cells in culture.
  • Induce ES cell to differentiate.
  • Transplant required differentiated cell back into the patient.
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12
Q

Trial utilized cells that produce the myelin sheaths which become wrapped around in nerve cells.

A

Oligodendrocytes

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13
Q

a key cell type within the retina, in an attempt to cure different forms of retinal degeneration.

A

Retinal pigmented epithelial cells

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14
Q

A type of benign tumor which may contain a bizarre mass of various differentiated tissues, including hair and teeth.

A

Teratoma

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15
Q

A roundabout procedure that begins with an unfertilized cell

A

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)

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16
Q

A cell obtained from the ovaries of an unrelated woman donor

A

Unfertilized cell

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17
Q

Where he had succeeded in reprogramming a fully differentiated mouse cell- in this case, a type of connective tissue fibroblast-into a pluripotent stem cell

A

Shinya yamaka and his co-workers

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18
Q
  • Four key proteins that are characteristics of ES cells.
  • Known collectively as OSKM are thought to play a key role in maintaining the cells in an undifferentiated state and allowing them to continue to self-renew
A

Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and Myc

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19
Q

new type of cells that were indeed pluripotent by injecting them into a mouse.

A

Induced pluripotent stem cells

20
Q

Steps taken to generate induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells for use in correcting the inherited disease sickle cell anemia.

A
  • Mouse with sickle cell anemia
  • collect skin cells
  • Reprogram into ES like iPS cells.
  • Genetically identical mutant iPS cells
  • Correct sickle cell mutation
  • DNA with normal gene/ DNA with mutant gene (yellow)
  • Genetically corrected iPS cells.
  • Differentiate into blood stem cells
  • Transplant
21
Q

iPS cells derived from patients with a heart disorder called _______ differentiate into cardiac muscle cells that exhibit irregular contractions (beats) in culture

A

QT syndrome

22
Q

A drug that was used to treat heartburn

A

Cisapride

23
Q

One type of differentiated cell had been converted directly into another type of differentiated cell.

A

Transdifferentiation

24
Q

Cell and molecular biologists have focused considerable research activities on a small number of representative

A

Model organism

25
Q

The Six model organisms

A
  • A bacterium, E. coli
  • A Budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae
  • A flowering plant, Arabidopsis Thaliana
  • A nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans
  • A Fruit fly, Drosophila Melanogaster
  • A mouse, Mus Musculus
26
Q

is a rod-shaped bacterium that lives in the digestive tract of humans and other mammals.

A

Escherichia coli

27
Q

more commonly known as baker’s yeast or brewer’s yeast, is the least complex of the eukaryotes commonly studied, yet it contains a surprising number of proteins that are homologous to proteins in human cells.

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

28
Q

a weed (called the thale cress) related to mustard and cabbage, has an unusually small genome (120 million base pairs) for a flowering plant, a rapid generation time, and large seed production, and grows to a height of only a few inches

A

Arabidopsis thaliana

29
Q

a microscopic-sized nematode, consists of a defined number of cells (roughly 1000), each of which develops according to a precise pattern of cell divisions.

A

Caenorhabditis elegans

30
Q

the fruit fly, is a small but complex eukaryote that is readily cultured in the lab, where it grows from an egg to an adult in a matter of days

A

Drosophila melanogaster

31
Q

has been a favored animal for the study of genetics, the molecular biology of development, and the
neurological basis of simple behavior

A

Drosophila

32
Q

the common house mouse, is easily kept and bred in the laboratory.

A

Mus musculus

33
Q
  • One major challenge with such fully artificial organs.
  • the acceptance of the replacement by the surrounding tissue.
A

Biocompatibility

34
Q

is essentially an enhanced form of cell culture.

A

tissue engineering

35
Q
  • Cells are grown on a 3D patterned substrate
  • That provides the shape and structure of the artificial tissue
A

Scaffold

36
Q

avoids the use of a pre-made scaffold and instead relies on the ability of cells to self-assemble into 3D aggregates

A

Organoids

37
Q
  • In one popular method for extruding fibers
  • an electric field is used to force a polymer solution through a small orifice, in much the same way that a spider creates a silk mesh by forcing the silk fibers through its spinnerets.
A

Electrospinning

38
Q

Three challenges in tissue engineering:

A
  • Obtaining the right types of cells.
  • Selecting the correct material for use as the
    scaffold.
  • it needs to be porous, or full of holes
39
Q

Why must a scaffold for tissue engineering be porous?

A

The more porous a scaffold is, the easier it is for cells inside the scaffold to get access to the nutrients and oxygen that they need to survive.

40
Q

Three main forms of radiation:

A

Alpha particle
Beta particle
Gamma radiation

41
Q

Consists of two protons and two neutrons and equivalent to the nucleus of a helium atom

A

Alpha particle

42
Q

Equivalent to an electron

A

Beta particle

43
Q

Consists of electromagnetic radiation

A

Gamma radiation

44
Q

Another way to image patients is by injecting radionuclides into the body.

A

Tracers

45
Q
  • One of the most commonly used tracers.
  • Breakdown of molybdenum-99
A

Technetium-99

46
Q

a strong gamma emitter used to target brain tumors

A

Cobalt 60

47
Q

Process wherein proteins changes its shape to its ideal stable structure

A

Protein Folding

PRELIM (4 decks)

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