Biology Flashcards
Which sides of the heart have deoxygenated or oxygenated blood?
The left side had the oxygenated blood while the right side had the deoxygenated blood.
Where is blood first recieved?
Blood is first recieved in the atrium
Which are the semilunar valves?
Pulmonary and aortic valves
Ventricles contract to move blood through the semilunar valves. Ventricles contract from the bottom upwards
Another name for the SA node
Natural pacemaker
The order of the Cardiac conduction
SA -> AV -> Bundle of His -> Purkinje fibers
What occurs during systole?
Contraction
Blood is squeezed from AV into ventricle during atrial systole
Blood is squeezed from ventricles into vasculature into ventricular systole
What occurs during diastole?
Dilation
Semilunar closed
Heart relax, chambers open
Blood fills heart
Where is blood pressure comparatively?
Blood pressure is higher in the aorta than in the superior vena cava. It is also higher in the artery than in the veins or capillaries.
Capillaries
Small, Thin-walled
Easy diffusion
Helps in thermoregulation
Functions as the connections between veins and arteries
Where do arteries and veins go?
Arteries bring blood away from the heart while veins bring the oxygenated blood to the heart.
What happens to the arterioles when the body needs to cool?
When the body needs to cool the arterioles dilate allowing more blood to flow to capillaries.
Fun Fact about Red Blood Cells
Red blood cells lack a mitochondria so they don’t undergo aerobic respiration.
What are veins and arteries?
Arteries are muscular and elastic vessels while veins are vasculature with valves.
Pregnancy Trimesters
The first trimester lays down the basic structures of the body, including the limb buds, heart, eyes, and the liver. The second trimester continues the development of all of the organs and systems. The third trimester exhibits the greatest growth of the fetus and culminates in labor and delivery.
Macrophage
A type of white blood cell that works in inflammatory and immune responses. It is phagocytic.
How do chemotherapy drugs work?
Chemotherapy drugs interfere with the cell cycle by blocking mitosis or causing DNA instability to initiate apoptosis. Ribose is generated by the pentose phosphate pathway so this pathway is the most effective in terms of chemotherapy.
What are the 5 bone types?
Long - hand feet arm leg
Flat - Skull
Irregular - vertebrae
Short - wrist bone, ankle bone
Sesamoid
Long bones have yellow marrow while flat bones have red bone marrow
What is the difference between variable expressivity and codominance?
Variable expressivity is different manifestations of the same genotype while codominance is multiple alleles of the same gene being expressed.
How do ketone bodies work?
When the brain uses ketone bodies instead of glucose, the ketone bodies become acetyl CoA which is an easy conversion because they already come from excess acetyl coenzyme A.
What do spliceosomes do?
Remove introns from mRNA after mRNA synthesis
What type of polymerase is used in PCR?
Taq polymerase which uses a large excess of each nucleotide
How does gastrin work?
A decrease in pH means an increase in acid production. Gastrin release slows down and eventually stops as the pH gets lower in the stomach.
How does chyme work?
Chyme is acidic so if it is transported quickly, then there will be a rapid drop in pH. Pancreatic enzymes need alkaline pH for proper function or the lipid digestion will be impaired.
What does the vagus nerve do?
The vagus nerve is part of the parasympathetic NS that releases acetylcholine at the pre and postsynaptic synapses.
Ghrelin is the…
…hunger hormone!
How does the knee jerk reaction take place?
Knee jerk reactions have a nervous loop that goes from patellar tendon to the spinal cord. Sense of touch, reasoning ability, and eye muscle control are functions in the brain
Relationship between body temp and rate of diffusion
Lower body temperature decreases the rate of diffusion by decreases KE. Increasing surface area would increase the rate of diffusion.
What would happen to a person without a gallbladder?
Since the Bile is used to emulsify the fats, when a person is lacking a gallbladder they would struggle to absorb fats so it would be secreted in the stool
Steps of Electrical Conduction of the heart
- At P, SA node is triggered and there is atrial depolarization
- At PQ there is a impulse delayed at the AV node to fill the ventricles
- At QRS, there is depolarization of ventricles and atrial repolarization
- At ST the ventricular depolarization is complete, start of ventricular repolarization
- At T there is ventricular repolarization
- Ventricles fill and repolarization is done
