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FINANCE > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Species that are ________will have a lot of genetic similarities.

A

Closely related

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2
Q

When two species evolve in unique directions from a common point, the process of ________ is at work.

A

Divergent evolution

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3
Q

According to _____________, increased reproductive success is based on traits favored by a particular environment.

A

natural selection

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4
Q

_________ occur(s) in artificial selection when only organisms with extreme versions of traits are allowed to reproduce

A

Breeder’s approach

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5
Q

A common misconception about evolution is that_________.

A

Environmental changes cause genetic mutations.

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6
Q

According to the _________ model, species diverge over long spans of time by incremental changes

A

Gradual speciation

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7
Q

The process of _________ fusion in two species uniting into a single species

A

Fusion

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8
Q

In hybrid zones, two distinct species ____________.

A

Continue to produce offspring with one another

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9
Q

___________ occurs within populations that continue to inhabit the same space

A

Sympatric speciation

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10
Q

The basis of allopatric speciation is ___________.

A

Geographic separation of populations

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11
Q

According to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, allele frequencies ___________.

A

Are stable unless exposed to an evolutionary force.

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12
Q

Population genetics focuses on studying changes in ____________.

A

Allele frequencies

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13
Q

Population geneticists are most interested in __________.

A

Genetic structure

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14
Q

A ________ may occur with no obvious selective pressures at work.

A

Genetic drift

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15
Q

_________ is the sum of various forces which may not all be adaptive.

A

Evolution

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16
Q

Heritability refers to_______.

A

The phenotype variation due to genetic differences

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17
Q

A population is said to be in equilibrium if ________.

A

No evolutionary forces influence it

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18
Q

The first eukaryote cells may have evolved due to __________.

A

Genome fusion

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19
Q

Scientists studying shared anatomical features are looking at _______.

A

Homologous structures

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20
Q

Phylogenies are based on the idea of __________.

A

Maximum parsimony

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21
Q

___________ summarizes the evolution of various life forms on earth

A

A phylogenetic tree

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22
Q

A clade is a group of organisms __________.

A

Descended for a single ancestor

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23
Q

Molecular systematics works best when used________.

A

In conjunction with morphologic information

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24
Q

Phylogenetic trees __________.

A

Show the evolutionary connections among organisms

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25
Q

The first phylogenetic tree was constructed by _________.

A

Darwin

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26
Q

During evolution, _________ change over time.

A

Populations

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27
Q

A trait that ________ of an organism is called a adaptation

A

Increase the environmental fitness

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28
Q

Once _______ occurs, populations are incapable of interbreeding

A

Speciation

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29
Q

Evolution _________.

A

Is the sum of various forces which may not all be adaptive

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30
Q

A species is the _______ taxonomic category

A

Specific

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31
Q

Prehistoric microbial mats obtained their energy from __________.

A

Hydrothermal vents

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32
Q

____________ are able to grow and thrive under conditions that would kill most other organisms.

A

Extremophiles

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33
Q

In binary fission _________.

A

One cell duplicates it’s DNA and then pinched in half

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34
Q

Prokaryotes can be classified into species based on ____________.

A

Genetic sequences

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35
Q

The cell walls of ___________ are composed mainly of peptidoglycan.

A

Bacteria

36
Q

Photoautotrophs obtain their energy from __________ and their carbon from __________.

A

Sunlight; carbon dioxide

37
Q

What is nitrogen present in?

A

Proteins, nucleic acids, and other call constituents.

38
Q

Much of the recycling of _________ from organic compounds in carried out by prokaryotes.

A

Nitrogen

39
Q

The most important biological contribution of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere is through _________.

A

Microbial decomposition of dead material

40
Q

The majority of _________ caused by zoonotic diseases.

A

Recently emerging infectious diseases are

41
Q

An increasingly dangerous strain of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is _________.

A

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

42
Q

Prokaryotes are used to __________ in case of processing milk.

A

Preserve nutrients

43
Q

___________ is the process of utilizing prokaryotes to remove pollutants

A

Microbial bioremediation

44
Q

Organisms such as __________ are adapted to survive extreme environments but do not prefer this type of environment.

A

Radioresistant prokaryotes

45
Q

The earliest records of life on Earth are __________.

A

Stromatolites

46
Q

The nucleoid is ____________.

A

An accumulation of prokaryotic DNA

47
Q

The ___________ in Archaea is different from that of all other domains in life

A

Cell membrane

48
Q

___________ are divided into two major groups based on cell wall structure

A

Bacteria

49
Q

This type of organism does get carbon from organic sources, but it obtains energy from breaking down molecules

A

Photoheterotrophs

50
Q

This type of organism does capture carbon dioxide as its main source of carbon, but it obtains energy from photosynthesis

A

Chemoautotroph

51
Q

This type of organism obtains energy from photosynthesis and captures carbon dioxide as its main source of carbon

A

Photoautotroph

52
Q

This organism does get carbon from organic sources and obtain energy from breaking down molecules

A

Chemoheterotroph

53
Q

____________ is a micronutrient used as an enzyme cofactor by some prokaryotes

A

Boron

54
Q

Which metabolic strategy would be common in extremophiles

A

Chemoautotrophy

55
Q

Some of our microbiota produce _________ for us.

A

Vitamins

56
Q

How worts are named after the structure of their ________.

A

Sporophytes
Explanation: Hornworts are so called because the sporophyte is a narrow, pipe-like structure in these plants.

57
Q

A key danger that had to be overcome in the movement of plants to terrestrial habitats was the threat of _________.

A

Desiccation
Explanation: The biggest hurdle to overcome initially was developing a means to stay moist outside an aquatic environment.

58
Q

The ________ are multicellular like the embryophytes.

A

Chara
Explanation: Skunkweed is a multicelled green algae closely related to land plants.

59
Q

The greatest impact of seedless vascular plants on everyday like is from ____________.

A

Their role in coal formation.

60
Q

____________ tissue allows plants to transport moisture and nutrients.

A

Vascular
Explanation: Vascular tissue is necessary to conduct moisture and nutrients in larger and taller plants.

61
Q

The most abundant plant group in terrestrial biomes is the ___________ group.

A

Angiosperm
Explanation: Angiosperms appeared in the middle of the Cretaceous and are now the dominant land plant group.

62
Q

Flowers that rely on butterflies and bees for pollination often __________.

A

Display low ultraviolet reflectance near the center of the flower.
Explanation: The pattern helps the insect pollinators find the center of the flower; they are then covered in pollen while collecting nectar from that center.

63
Q

All __________ are heterosporous.

A

Gymnosperms
Explanation: Gymnosperms produce two different kinds of spores.

64
Q

Angiosperms are characterized by their ________.

A

Covered or protected seeds
Explanation: Angiosperms have covered seeds.

65
Q

In __________, the conspicuous vegetative organs are part of the haploid organism.

A

Bryophytes

66
Q

___________ are also called embryophytes

A

Land plants

67
Q

Land plants and ___________ have the same chlorophyll molecules.

A

Green algae

68
Q

Massive coal deposits around the world formed from fossilized forms of __________ plants.

A

Seedless vascular

69
Q

_________ plants require water for reproduction.

A

Nonvascular

70
Q

All gymnosperms are ___________.

A

Heterosporous

71
Q

The _______ phylum is the second most diverse phylum in Eukarya.

A

Angiosperm

72
Q

The _________ forces water and solutes into endodermal cells.

A

Casparian strip

73
Q

Stems arise from _________ tissue.

A

Ground

74
Q

The __________ store the pigments that give flower petals their bright colors.

A

Chromoplasts

75
Q

Define the term epiphyte

A

A plant with specialized roots that absorb moisture from the atmosphere

76
Q

The main driver of water movement through xylem is ____________.

A

Transpiration

77
Q

Primary growth is due to cell division of the __________.

A

Apical meristem

78
Q

The first line of defense in plants is ____________.

A

Intact bark or waxy cuticle

79
Q

__________ first appeared on land shortly after the Cambrian period.

A

Plants

80
Q

It is generally believed that the earliest animals evolved from___________

A

Protists

81
Q

Most of the animal phyla in existence today appeared during the ___________ explosion.

A

Cambrian

82
Q

True animals are divided into classes based on ___________.

A

Body symmetry

83
Q

Modern phylogenetics is influenced by ___________ analyses.

A

Nucleic acid and protein

84
Q

All animals are ____________.

A

Metazoans

85
Q

Animals are primarily classified based on __________.

A

Morphological and developmental features.

86
Q

The __________ may be living species of some of the earliest bilaterians

A

Acoelmorphs

FINANCE (8 decks)

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