Biology Flashcards
Species that are ________will have a lot of genetic similarities.
Closely related
When two species evolve in unique directions from a common point, the process of ________ is at work.
Divergent evolution
According to _____________, increased reproductive success is based on traits favored by a particular environment.
natural selection
_________ occur(s) in artificial selection when only organisms with extreme versions of traits are allowed to reproduce
Breeder’s approach
A common misconception about evolution is that_________.
Environmental changes cause genetic mutations.
According to the _________ model, species diverge over long spans of time by incremental changes
Gradual speciation
The process of _________ fusion in two species uniting into a single species
Fusion
In hybrid zones, two distinct species ____________.
Continue to produce offspring with one another
___________ occurs within populations that continue to inhabit the same space
Sympatric speciation
The basis of allopatric speciation is ___________.
Geographic separation of populations
According to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, allele frequencies ___________.
Are stable unless exposed to an evolutionary force.
Population genetics focuses on studying changes in ____________.
Allele frequencies
Population geneticists are most interested in __________.
Genetic structure
A ________ may occur with no obvious selective pressures at work.
Genetic drift
_________ is the sum of various forces which may not all be adaptive.
Evolution
Heritability refers to_______.
The phenotype variation due to genetic differences
A population is said to be in equilibrium if ________.
No evolutionary forces influence it
The first eukaryote cells may have evolved due to __________.
Genome fusion
Scientists studying shared anatomical features are looking at _______.
Homologous structures
Phylogenies are based on the idea of __________.
Maximum parsimony
___________ summarizes the evolution of various life forms on earth
A phylogenetic tree
A clade is a group of organisms __________.
Descended for a single ancestor
Molecular systematics works best when used________.
In conjunction with morphologic information
Phylogenetic trees __________.
Show the evolutionary connections among organisms
The first phylogenetic tree was constructed by _________.
Darwin
During evolution, _________ change over time.
Populations
A trait that ________ of an organism is called a adaptation
Increase the environmental fitness
Once _______ occurs, populations are incapable of interbreeding
Speciation
Evolution _________.
Is the sum of various forces which may not all be adaptive
A species is the _______ taxonomic category
Specific
Prehistoric microbial mats obtained their energy from __________.
Hydrothermal vents
____________ are able to grow and thrive under conditions that would kill most other organisms.
Extremophiles
In binary fission _________.
One cell duplicates it’s DNA and then pinched in half
Prokaryotes can be classified into species based on ____________.
Genetic sequences
The cell walls of ___________ are composed mainly of peptidoglycan.
Bacteria
Photoautotrophs obtain their energy from __________ and their carbon from __________.
Sunlight; carbon dioxide
What is nitrogen present in?
Proteins, nucleic acids, and other call constituents.
Much of the recycling of _________ from organic compounds in carried out by prokaryotes.
Nitrogen
The most important biological contribution of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere is through _________.
Microbial decomposition of dead material
The majority of _________ caused by zoonotic diseases.
Recently emerging infectious diseases are
An increasingly dangerous strain of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is _________.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Prokaryotes are used to __________ in case of processing milk.
Preserve nutrients
___________ is the process of utilizing prokaryotes to remove pollutants
Microbial bioremediation
Organisms such as __________ are adapted to survive extreme environments but do not prefer this type of environment.
Radioresistant prokaryotes
The earliest records of life on Earth are __________.
Stromatolites
The nucleoid is ____________.
An accumulation of prokaryotic DNA
The ___________ in Archaea is different from that of all other domains in life
Cell membrane
___________ are divided into two major groups based on cell wall structure
Bacteria
This type of organism does get carbon from organic sources, but it obtains energy from breaking down molecules
Photoheterotrophs
This type of organism does capture carbon dioxide as its main source of carbon, but it obtains energy from photosynthesis
Chemoautotroph
This type of organism obtains energy from photosynthesis and captures carbon dioxide as its main source of carbon
Photoautotroph
This organism does get carbon from organic sources and obtain energy from breaking down molecules
Chemoheterotroph
____________ is a micronutrient used as an enzyme cofactor by some prokaryotes
Boron
Which metabolic strategy would be common in extremophiles
Chemoautotrophy
Some of our microbiota produce _________ for us.
Vitamins
How worts are named after the structure of their ________.
Sporophytes
Explanation: Hornworts are so called because the sporophyte is a narrow, pipe-like structure in these plants.
A key danger that had to be overcome in the movement of plants to terrestrial habitats was the threat of _________.
Desiccation
Explanation: The biggest hurdle to overcome initially was developing a means to stay moist outside an aquatic environment.
The ________ are multicellular like the embryophytes.
Chara
Explanation: Skunkweed is a multicelled green algae closely related to land plants.
The greatest impact of seedless vascular plants on everyday like is from ____________.
Their role in coal formation.
____________ tissue allows plants to transport moisture and nutrients.
Vascular
Explanation: Vascular tissue is necessary to conduct moisture and nutrients in larger and taller plants.
The most abundant plant group in terrestrial biomes is the ___________ group.
Angiosperm
Explanation: Angiosperms appeared in the middle of the Cretaceous and are now the dominant land plant group.
Flowers that rely on butterflies and bees for pollination often __________.
Display low ultraviolet reflectance near the center of the flower.
Explanation: The pattern helps the insect pollinators find the center of the flower; they are then covered in pollen while collecting nectar from that center.
All __________ are heterosporous.
Gymnosperms
Explanation: Gymnosperms produce two different kinds of spores.
Angiosperms are characterized by their ________.
Covered or protected seeds
Explanation: Angiosperms have covered seeds.
In __________, the conspicuous vegetative organs are part of the haploid organism.
Bryophytes
___________ are also called embryophytes
Land plants
Land plants and ___________ have the same chlorophyll molecules.
Green algae
Massive coal deposits around the world formed from fossilized forms of __________ plants.
Seedless vascular
_________ plants require water for reproduction.
Nonvascular
All gymnosperms are ___________.
Heterosporous
The _______ phylum is the second most diverse phylum in Eukarya.
Angiosperm
The _________ forces water and solutes into endodermal cells.
Casparian strip
Stems arise from _________ tissue.
Ground
The __________ store the pigments that give flower petals their bright colors.
Chromoplasts
Define the term epiphyte
A plant with specialized roots that absorb moisture from the atmosphere
The main driver of water movement through xylem is ____________.
Transpiration
Primary growth is due to cell division of the __________.
Apical meristem
The first line of defense in plants is ____________.
Intact bark or waxy cuticle
__________ first appeared on land shortly after the Cambrian period.
Plants
It is generally believed that the earliest animals evolved from___________
Protists
Most of the animal phyla in existence today appeared during the ___________ explosion.
Cambrian
True animals are divided into classes based on ___________.
Body symmetry
Modern phylogenetics is influenced by ___________ analyses.
Nucleic acid and protein
All animals are ____________.
Metazoans
Animals are primarily classified based on __________.
Morphological and developmental features.
The __________ may be living species of some of the earliest bilaterians
Acoelmorphs
