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Year 9 - Science > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What organelles make up an animal cell?

A 
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
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2
Q

What organelles make up a plant cell?

A 
Chloroplast
Chlorophyll
Permanent Vacuole
Ribosomes
Cell membrane
Nucleus 
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
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3
Q

What do chloroplasts do?

A

They photosynthesise

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4
Q

What do mitochondria do?

A

They release energy by respiration

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5
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

They protein synthesis

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6
Q

What does a nucleus do?

A

They control cell activities

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7
Q

What does a vacuole do?

A

They help keep cell rigid

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8
Q

What does a cell membrane do?

A

They control movements of substances into and out of cell.

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9
Q

Give an example of a specialised cell?

A

Ciliates cell
Neurone
White blood cells
Etc

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10
Q

What is a specialised cell?

A

A cell that has its own job to do. These cells have special features that allow them to perform their functions effectively.

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11
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

Undifferentiated cells that can turn into any specialised cell in your body.

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12
Q

What is a nerve cells function?

A

To carry nerve impulses around your body.

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13
Q

What is a sperm cells function?

A

To carry the fathers genetic information (DNA) to the egg.

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14
Q

What is a ciliated cells function?

A

Designed to stop lung damage so the hairs sweep mucus with trapped dust and bacteria back up the throat to be swallowed. Smoke damages them.

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15
Q

What is the function of a muscle cell?

A

To contract to move bones

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16
Q

What is the function of a red blood cell?

A

It carries oxygen from the lungs to the body and carbon dioxed from the body back to the lungs.

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17
Q

What makes a nerve cell special?

A

It is long and has long branches to connect to other nerves. The long axis is covered in fat to increase the speed of electrical signals.

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18
Q

What makes a sperm cell special?

A

It has a long tail to find an egg. The enzymes in the head help to get into the egg. It is made in the testis of males.

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19
Q

What makes a ciliated cell special?

A

They line all the air passages down to the lungs. They have tiny hairs called cilia.

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20
Q

What makes a muscle cell special?

A

They contain proteins that slide over each other making the fibres contract.
Mitochondria issued to transfer energy needed for chemical reactions to take place as the cell contracts and relaxes.

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21
Q

What makes red blood cells special?

A

They have a large surface area because of the dimple shape.

It contains haemoglobin which pick up oxygen but has no nucleus to make room for more oxygen.

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22
Q

Give an example of a eukaryotic cell.

A

Animal and plant cells

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23
Q

Give an example of a prokaryotic cell.

A

Bacteria

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24
Q

Are red blood cells a eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell?

A

Red blood cells don’t have a nucleus but it is an animal cell so it is a eukaryote.

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25
Q

What is the difference between a eukaryote and a prokaryote?

A

Eukaryotes have a nucleus, the DNA is found in the nucleus whereas, prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus so the DNA is free floating not in a nucleus.

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26
Q

What are ciliated cells?

A

They are small hairs that sweep up dust and bacteria so they don’t enter the lungs.

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27
Q

What does DNA look like?

A

a double-helix

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28
Q

Which type of cell is the oldest and simplest?

A

Prokaryotes

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29
Q

Which type of cell is bigger and more complex?

A

Eukaryotes

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30
Q

What is a benefit of having DNA housed in a nucleus?

A

Protects the DNA

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31
Q

What is a flagellum?

A

A tail like structure, to help it move

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32
Q

Why do we use a mirror on a light microscope?

A

It is to reflect light up through the bottom of the stage to help magnify objects whilst obtaining a sharp image.

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33
Q

What is the equation for magnification?

A

size of image divided by size of real object

34
Q

Why are light microscopes in colour?

A

because you need light to see them

34
Q

Why are light microscopes in colour?

A

because you need light to see them, whereas electron microscopes are in black and white but are much more detailed

35
Q

Give a disadvantage to using an electron microscope?

A

They are large and very expensive, and have to be kept in special temperature, pressure and humidity.

36
Q

Why do root hair cells not have chloroplasts?

A

It is underground and doesn’t photosynthesis.

37
Q

Why does a root hair cell have a large permanent vacuole?

A

It speeds up the movement of water, from the soil into the cell.

38
Q

What is the purpose of having the root hair tail thing on a root hair cell?

A

It increase the surface area to absorb more water from the soil.

39
Q

Why does a palisade cell contain lots of chloroplasts?

A

To perform photosynthesis

40
Q

Where are palisade cells located?

A

Found in leaves
Layered to absorb lots of light
In the green part of the plant-leaves, outer layer of green stem

41
Q

What is the use of a permanent vacuole in a palisade cell?

A

To maintain structure-it’s rigid shape

42
Q

Why do leaves remain flat?

A

To increase photosynthesis

43
Q

What does a xylem cell do?

A

Transports water around the plant

44
Q

What do the tubes in xylem cells do?

A

Carry water through the plant

45
Q

What forms spirals around the cells in a xylem cell?

A

Lignin

46
Q

What is the use of lignin spirals in a xylem cell?

A

To provide solid support for the tubes to withstand water pressure

47
Q

What does a phloem cell do?

A

It carries sugars dissolved in water

48
Q

How are sieve plates formed in a phloem cell?

A

Formed when cell walls break down.

49
Q

What is the use for sieve plates in a phloem cell?

A

To allow food to travel around the plant

50
Q

What does the mitochondria in the companion cell provide the phloem cell with?

A

Energy needed to survive

51
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration.

52
Q

How is diffusion caused?

A

By the random movement of particles

53
Q

What does net movement of particles mean?

A

Particles moving in and out

54
Q

When you increase temperature what happens to the particles?

A

They move more, which speeds up diffusion

55
Q

Where does diffusion occur?

A

In the lungs and intestines

56
Q

How does diffusion happen in the lungs?

A

Oxygen diffuses in, carbon dioxide diffuses out

57
Q

How are cells adapted to increase diffusion rates?

A

By increasing the surface area

58
Q

What is concentration gradient?

A

It is the difference between 2 areas of concentration.

59
Q

What substances can diffuse into and out of cells?

A

Simple sugars, such as glucose and gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, and waste products such as urea from the breakdown of amino acids in your liver.

60
Q

What is urea?

A

It passes from the liver cells into the blood plasma and is excreted by the kidneys.

61
Q

Where does urea diffuse?

A

From the liver to the kidneys

62
Q

What is osmosis?

A

It is a special type of diffusion with water molecules

63
Q

What does saturated mean?

A

No more solids to dissolve in the liquid

64
Q

Water moves from an area of ___ concentration to and area of ___ concentration through semi-____ ____.

A

high
low
permeable membrane

65
Q

When a cell is hypotonic what happens?

A

The cells explode as hypo means high. Hypotonic cells can burst.

66
Q

When a cell is hypertonic what happens?

A

The cells will shrivel

67
Q

What is plasmolysis?

A

When cells collapse in on themselves

68
Q

When a cell is isotonic what happens?

A

Iso means the same meaning that everything stays the same.

69
Q

What is the equation for finding out the percentage change in mass?

A

Change in mass divided by initial mass x 100

70
Q

How can we find the change in mass?

A

Final mass- initial mass

71
Q

Why is magnesium needed by a plant?

A

To make chlorophyll

72
Q

What is active transport?

A

Moving molecules from an area of low concentration to high concentration.

73
Q

How do minerals move from low concentration to high concentration in active transport?

A

In the roots, the transport protein in the semi-permeable membrane grabs the minerals and turns to drop them in the area of high concentration.

74
Q

How does the transport protein move?

A

It uses energy from respiration to collect the minerals from the side of low to high concentration.

75
Q

How do you calculate the surface area to volume ratio?

A

Surface area divided by volume

76
Q

Smaller organisms have a ____ surface area to volume ratio.

A

higher

77
Q

Larger organisms have a ____ surface area to volume ratio.

A

Smaller

78
Q

What do alveoli do?

A

They increase surface area of the lungs.

79
Q

What does the blue capillaries in the alveoli mean?

A

Deoxygenated blood with CO2.

80
Q

What does the red capillaries in the alveoli mean?

A

Oxygenated blood carries O2.

81
Q

What do we need for gas exchange?

A

good circulation
thin barriers to cross- quicker to diffuse
steep concentration gradient
short diffusion pathway

Year 9 - Science (10 decks)

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