Biology 1113: Lecture 2 pt. 2 (chemistry of life) Flashcards
Ionic Bonds
Bond formed by transfer of electrons between ions.
Charged Ions
Atoms with positive or negative charge due to electron transfer.
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
Equal sharing of electrons between atoms.
Polar Covalent Bonds
Unequal sharing of electrons, creating partial charges.
Electronegativity
Tendency of an atom to attract electrons.
Hydrophilic Molecules
Substances that dissolve easily in water.
Hydrophobic Molecules
Substances that do not dissolve in water.
Hydrogen Bonds
Weak attractions between polar molecules involving hydrogen.
Solvent
Liquid that dissolves solutes, commonly water.
Solute
Substance dissolved in a solvent, e.g., NaCl.
pH Scale
Measure of hydrogen ion concentration in solutions.
Buffers
Substances that minimize changes in pH.
Macromolecules
Large biological molecules, including carbohydrates and proteins.
Monomers
Small units that link to form polymers.
Polymers
Large molecules formed from repeated monomer units.
Carbohydrates
Organic molecules primarily for energy storage, C, H, O.
Monosaccharides
Simple sugars, the basic building blocks of carbohydrates.
Glucose
Main energy source in cellular respiration.
Fructose
Simple sugar found in high-fructose corn syrup.
Galactose
Sugar found in dairy products.
Functional Groups
Specific groups of atoms that determine molecular behavior.
Acids
Substances that increase hydrogen ion concentration in solutions.
Bases
Substances that decrease hydrogen ion concentration in solutions.
Hydrophobic Interactions
Nonpolar molecules cluster together in aqueous solutions.
Carbon Skeleton
Framework of carbon atoms in organic molecules.
Silicon-based Life
Hypothetical life forms using silicon instead of carbon.
C-H Bonds
Nonpolar bonds that store significant energy.
C=O Bonds
Polar bonds that contribute to molecule hydrophilicity.
α-Glucose
Form of glucose with -OH group down.
β-Glucose
Form of glucose with -OH group up.
