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Biology 110 PSC > Biology 110 PSC Week 10 - drugs nerves brain/ reproduction/ development > Flashcards

Biology 110 PSC Week 10 - drugs nerves brain/ reproduction/ development Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

WHAT IS ALCOHOL?

A

a cosmetic or distilled liquid - comes from the Arabic words “al-kuhl,”

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2
Q

An ALCOHOL is a

A

carbon-rich molecule
with an “-OH” group stuck to it.

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3
Q

True or false? There are many kinds of alcohol

A

True

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4
Q

classification
is especially important. True or false?

A

True

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5
Q

METHANOL has how many carbons?

A

ONE

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6
Q

ETHANOL has how many carbons?

A

TWO

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7
Q

METHANOL is also known as

A

“wood alcohol”

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8
Q

ETHANOL is also known as

A

“grain alcohol”

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9
Q

If you were to consume methanol
your body would processes it into

A

FORMALDEHYDE ( which is a toxic poison)

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10
Q

methanol is an industrial chemical

A

it should not be consumed in any quantity,

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11
Q

Drinking a small amount of methanol is okay - True or false?

A

FALSE - Drinking even small amounts of methanol can be fatal

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12
Q

FERMENTATION is…

A

The process by which microbes (yeast, in this case)
break down plant seed-starches and sugars into
carbon dioxide and ethanol as waste.

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13
Q

ETHANOL in drinks is usually made
by

A

YEASTS. The yeast produces ethanol as a WASTE product.

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14
Q

Ethanol goes to your stomach then to ?

A

The small intestine which sends it to
your LIVER

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15
Q

a BREATHALYZER measures what?

A

the ethanol in your blood evaporates out of the
capillaries in your lungs along with carbon dioxide.
The more ethanol in your blood, the more there is in
your breath.

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16
Q

Can you reduce the amount of ethanol in your blood?

A

NO - You must WAIT until your LIVER breaks it down

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17
Q

True or false? all alcohol is the same

A

False - there are many types of alcohol. how they are classified is important

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18
Q

ALVEOLI are??

A

tiny air pockets in your lungs where gas exchange occurs. As you breathe in, oxygen from the atmosphere enters the lungs and moves into the circulation through the capillary walls that surround the alveoli of the lung. When you exhale, both carbon dioxide and ethanol in the breath are removed from the blood

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19
Q

respiration not only provides the body a steady supply of oxygen, but

A

it also provides an exit for toxic waste products, including some volatile drugs like ethanol.

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20
Q

alcohol impacts

A

Proteins that control muscle contraction, nerve impulses and receptors in neuron synapses

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21
Q

Blood alcohol concentration or BAC% is what?

A

The measure of the amount of alcohol on 100mls of blood

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22
Q

what is cirrhosis?

A

Cirrhosis is a liver disease in which healthy liver tissue is replaced with scar tissue and the liver is permanently damaged. Scar tissue keeps your liver from working properly. Hepatitis and chronic alcohol abuse are frequent causes.

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23
Q

LIVER DAMAGE

A

causes problems with digestion, storage, and detoxification of food.

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24
Q

WHY DOES ETHANOL CAUSE LIVER DAMAGE?

A

because it processes it into acetaldehyde - a substance similar to formaldehyde

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25
Q

are there any benefits from ethanol?

A

yes there are some, but only in moderation

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26
Q

What is nicotine?

A

Nicotine is a stimulant drug that speeds up the messages travelling between the brain and body. it is A highly potent NERVE TOXIN

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27
Q

NICOTINE is a CHEMICAL DEFENSE common among members of

A

the deadly “nightshade” family. It is one of MANY toxins in the chemical mix that helps PROTECT these plants from GRAZERS

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28
Q

what is a neurotransmitter?

A

NEUROTRANSMITTERS control neurons at synapses by binding to receptors.

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29
Q

How does nicotine act like a neurotransmitter?

A

NICOTINE binds to synapse RECEPTORS in your nervous system.

Neurons release neurotransmitters in a regulated manner, but NICOTINE artificially activates them randomly, without pattern or purpose.

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30
Q

By binding to synapse receptors, NICOTINE makes

A

NERVES AND MUSCLES FIRE OFF that would not normally do so.

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31
Q

Nicotine can paralyze or kill an insect making it a what?

A

a natural INSECTICIDE… Derivatives of nicotine (“neonicotinoids”) are commonly sprayed on crops to kill insects.

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32
Q

what is Dopamine?

A

Dopamine is a type of neurotransmitter. Your body makes it, and your nervous system uses it to send messages between nerve cells. That’s why it’s sometimes called a chemical messenger.

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33
Q

what does dopamine do?

A

Dopamine is one of several compounds that act on pleasurable “REWARD CENTERS” in your brain.

(They reinforce behaviors needed for survival, like eating, reproduction, nursing, etc.)

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34
Q

how are nicotine and dopamine connected?

A

Nicotine that gets into your body through cigarettes activate receptors in the brain. When these receptors are activated, they release dopamine, which makes you feel good. This pleasure response to dopamine is a big part of the nicotine addiction process

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35
Q

how does nicotine affect smooth muscles?

A

nicotine can ALSO tell smooth muscles in the walls of brain CAPILLARIES to CONTRACT (vasoconstriction)

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36
Q

why can smoking make you feel light-headed?

A

Nicotine affects the brain and the normal balance of chemicals in the bloodstream and constricts vessels

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37
Q

WHY IS NICOTINE ADDICTIVE?

A

Because the brain gets a dopamine “hit” from nicotine every time a person takes a puff on a cigarette or inhales vapor from an e-cigarette that contains nicotine. (Dopamine triggers feelings of pleasure)

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38
Q

how does nicotine reward you for consuming it?

A

nicotine binds to receptors in the brain, your pleasure neurons fire off.
This makes you FEEL GOOD. This is how addiction can result > something feels good so you repeat the process to get the feeling over and over again

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39
Q

What are cilia?

A

Cilia are mobile, tiny, finger-like projections on the surface of airway cells. Cilia line the airways and help move mucus up and out of the lungs

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40
Q

How do tobacco smoke / nicotine affect the lungs ??

A

Tobacco smoke can paralyze the cilia, the microscopic hairlike projections from cells lining the airways of the human respiratory tract. Without these continuously beating cilia, germs and particles of foreign matter can enter the lungs and cause irritation and infection.

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41
Q

why is smoking bad for your lungs?

A

Toxicants in tobacco smoke paralyze the cilia and eventually destroy them, removing an important protection from the respiratory system.

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42
Q

what is emphysema?

A

Emphysema is a lung condition that causes shortness of breath.

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43
Q

True or false? Emphysema happens fast and is cured quickly

A

False - Emphysema develops over time and involves the gradual damage of lung tissue, specifically the destruction of the alveoli (tiny air sacs).

44
Q

What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

A

Emphysema is one of the diseases that comprises COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).

45
Q

Can your lungs heal from emphysema?

A

Emphysema and COPD can’t be cured, but treatments can help relieve symptoms and slow the progression of the disease

46
Q

COPD is often a mix of two diseases. What are they?

A

chronic bronchitis and emphysema

47
Q

In a healthy person, the tiny air sacs in the lungs are like balloons. As you breathe in and out, they get bigger and smaller to move air through your lungs. But with emphysema,

A

these air sacs are damaged and lose their stretch. Less air gets in and out of the lungs, which makes you feel short of breath.

COPD is almost always caused by smoking. Over time, breathing tobacco smoke irritates the airways and destroys the stretchy fibers in the lungs.

48
Q

COPD symptoms go away over time. True or false?

A

FALSE - COPD gets worse over time. You can’t undo the damage to your lungs.

49
Q

true or false - COPD is generally cause by hereditary factors and environmental exposure

A

FALSE -Smoking causes about 85 to 90 percent of all COPD cases

50
Q

Why do smokers have a cough?

A

because smoking kills the cilia in the trachea and lungs, smokers have to use muscles to and physically cough mucus out of their lung passages

51
Q

cilia and mucus serve what purpose?

A

they protect the lungs by keeping dust, bacteria and viruses out

52
Q

cilia only move when they have to… true or false?

A

false - they are always moving back and forth in wave-like motions

53
Q

Reproductive systems are responsible for…

A

producing a new organism

54
Q

what is the function of reproduction?

A

reproduction allows for a species to continue

55
Q

What are the main organs of the male reproductive system?

A

The testes and the penis

56
Q

the scrotum contains the ________

A

testes

57
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

the epididymis stores sperm cells

58
Q

What structure transfers sperm from the epididymis to the penis?

A

the vas deferens

59
Q

what are the main organs of the female reproductive system?

A

the ovaries, uterus and vagina

60
Q

where does the egg meet the sperm cell?

A

the uterus

61
Q

What process occurs if an egg is not fertilized?

A

The menstruation process, in which the lining and blood of the uterus sheds and is discarded by the body

62
Q

What occurs as the zygote becomes an embryo?

A

cells begin to transform into different types

63
Q

What’s the difference between a zygote and an embryo?

A

a zygote is the fertilized cell and the embryo is the developing human organism that the zygote grows into

64
Q

the release of a mature egg from the ovary is called _______

A

Ovulation

65
Q

in a woman, the uterine walls and the uterus fill with blood every 21 -35 days to do what?

A

provide a protective environment for a fertilized egg cell

66
Q

true or false - like women who have all of their eggs at birth, men have all of their sperm at birth

A

FALSE - Men aren’t born with ready-made sperm cells - they have to be made later, from puberty onwards. Spermatozoa are made in vessels, within the testicles, called seminiferous tubules.

67
Q

Define > Gonads

A

GONADS
are organs that produce gametes

68
Q

Define > Gametes

A

Gametes are an organism’s reproductive cells. They are also referred to as sex cells. Female gametes are called ova or egg cells, and male gametes are called sperm.

69
Q

Define > Genitals

A

GENITALS
are the sexual or reproductive organs located on the outside of the body

70
Q

OVULATION is when…

A

an egg is RELEASED
from an ovary.

71
Q

women’s ovaries produce eggs a little at a time

TRUE or FALSE???

A

FALSE

eggs are all PRESENT in the ovary at birth

Yup.. born with ALL of them including half of your genes. which means half of your DNA has been around since 1962… LOL

72
Q

FERTILIZATION of the egg normally happens in

A

the UPPER part of a FALLOPIAN TUBE

73
Q

CILIA in the FALLOPIAN TUBE help the
egg to do what?

A

to move the egg / ovum along toward the UTERUS.

74
Q

True or false…

The sperm cellswims all the way into the egg to fertilize it

A

FALSE

A sperm cell that fertilizes an egg does NOT
actually swim INSIDE the egg.

Only the
CONTENTS of the head (GENES) go in.

75
Q

What is a Zygote?

A

a zygote is a fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete (egg, or ovum) with a male gamete (sperm) in the embryonic development of humans

76
Q

FERTILIZATION is when…

A

The sperm’s surface FUSES with the egg’s
membrane.

A set of sperm genes enters and
mingles with the genes of the egg. The egg is
now a ZYGOTE and can grow into a person.

77
Q

TRUE or FALSE ??

The ZYGOTE makes
genetically identical
copies of itself.

A

TRUE

These EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS
later use different subsets of their
genes to become
different body parts.

78
Q

Twins are..

A

two offspring produced by the same pregnancy

Twins can be either monozygotic (‘identical’), meaning that they develop from one zygote, which splits and forms two embryos, or

dizygotic (‘non-identical’ or ‘fraternal’), meaning that each twin develops from a separate egg and each egg is fertilized by its own sperm cell.

79
Q

IDENTICAL TWINS develop how??

A

from the SAME ZYGOTE.

They are of the
SAME GENDER, are genetically identical clones, but they
might not LOOK/ACT totally identical as they grow.

80
Q

FRATERNAL TWINS are born at the same time,

A

but came from SEPARATE ZYGOTES.
Genetically distinct, can be different genders.

two eggs and two sperm fertilize and implant

81
Q

what is morula?

A

The earliest stage of a human embryo, several days after fertilization.
A morula is a SOLID ball of 10 - 30 cells.
Named after Morula mulberries because the cell cluster looks like it.

82
Q

what is a blastula?

A

A blastula is a hollow ball or sphere of cells, or blastomeres, produced during the development of an embryo by repeated division of a fertilized egg.

83
Q

The BLASTULA embryo will

A

implant into the wall of the
UTERUS

84
Q

IMPLANTATION
is when the
blastula embryo does what?

A

when the
blastula embryo
embeds itself in
the wall of the
UTERUS

85
Q

The placenta is an organ . This structure .

A

that develops in the uterus during pregnancy

it provides oxygen and nutrients to a growing baby and removes waste products from baby’s blood. The placenta attaches to the wall of the uterus, and baby’s umbilical cord arises from it

86
Q

When does the lining of
the uterus
becomes a
PLACENTA?

A

If pregnant

87
Q

If the impantation doesn’t occur what happpens?

A

the blood-rich
lining is lost
through
MENSTRUATION

88
Q

Menstruation is

A

the monthly shedding of the lining of a woman’s uterus

89
Q

After the blastula is
implanted, it keeps on
developing into a..

A

GASTRULA

90
Q

A PORE forms - then what happens?

A

cells push
inward and make an
INNER layer of cells.

91
Q

DETERMINATION occurs in the

A

GASTRULA
stage.

92
Q

The developmental fates of THREE main
cell groups in the embryo are established by

A

turning certain genes on or off.

93
Q

THREE main
cell groups in the embryo are

A

ECTODERM
nerves, skin
MESODERM
muscle, bone
ENDODERM
gut lining

94
Q

The ectoderm is the

A

outermost layers of cells.

the source of various tissues and structures (such as the epidermis, the nervous system, and the eyes and ears)

95
Q

What is mesoderm and its function?

A

The mesoderm is responsible for the formation of a number of critical structures and organs within the developing embryo including the skeletal system, the muscular system, the excretory system, the circulatory system, the lymphatic system, and the reproductive system

96
Q

endoderm is

A

the innermost of the three germ layers,

endoderm is sometimes used to refer to the gastrodermis, the simple tissue that lines the digestive cavity

97
Q

A typical
human
pregnancy
lasts for

A

THREE
TRIMESTERS

98
Q

A
TRIMESTER
lasts

A

3 MONTHS

99
Q

true or false?

Few of the major body systems are in place by the end of the first trimester

A

False

BY the END of the FIRST TRIMESTER
all major body systems are in place

100
Q

The
UMBILICAL
CORD does what?

A

provides food,
water, and
oxygen, and
sends wastes
out to the
mother’s body
for release.

101
Q

a baby is a fetus the entire preganacy

yes or no?

A

In the FIRST TRIMESTER, you’re an EMBRYO.
After that, you’re a FETUS.

102
Q

do mother and baby’s blood mix?

A

mother and child’s blood
DOES NOT MIX directly in the placenta.
It makes sense; their blood types might
be different!

(You are 0- I’m 0+)

103
Q

AFTERBIRTH

A

It’s the placenta and umbilical cord
that have detached from the uterus

104
Q

The umbilical cord fluid is loaded with stem cells.

Why is this useful later on?

A

is easy to collect and has 10 times more stem cells than those collected from bone marrow.

can be stored and used to boost immune system, treat cancer etc.

105
Q

brain development stops when?

A

the brain continues to develop and change into adulthood. Most scientist agree that by age 25 the brain will have reached maturity

Biology 110 PSC (4 decks)

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