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Biology 110 PSC > BIO18 Week 8 > Flashcards

BIO18 Week 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

WHAT IS BONE?

A

a complex structure, much like a city building.
Great detail exists on the microscopic scale

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2
Q

Name the COMPONENTS OF BONE (what makes up bone structure ?)

A
  1. APATITE (calcium phosphate mineral)
  2. Fibrous framework made of protein strands; mostly COLLAGEN
  3. BLOOD VESSELS and NERVES
  4. Bone cells (“OSTEOCYTES”)
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3
Q

what is COLLAGEN?

A

it is a kind of PROTEIN that is found inside solid BONE but also in many OTHER body parts

In solid bone, it appears as tiny fibers.
When softened, it can act like glue

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4
Q

Collagen fibers add

A

strength and flexibility to bone, much like “rebar” does for concrete.

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5
Q

What is an OSTEOCYTE?

A

a cell that lies within the substance of fully formed bone

it “lives” embedded in the apatite “cement” of solid bone

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6
Q

Thin channels connect the osteocyte cells. What are these channels called?

A

the channels are HAVERSIAN CANALS. They are thin tube like tunnels that contain blood vessels and nerves that supply them

(sounds like HAVE er See ann)

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7
Q

osteocytes, blood vessels, and nerves help bones to…. ??

A

GROW…

…and also to REPAIR broken bones

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8
Q

Name the different types of bone fractures.. (there are 6 kinds)

A
  1. Greenstick
  2. spiral
  3. comminuted
  4. transverse
  5. compound
  6. compression
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9
Q

many of your red blood cells form in the…

A

marrow

it is the spongy substance found in the center of the bones. It manufactures bone marrow stem cells and other substances, which in turn produce blood cells.

Each type of blood cell made by the bone marrow has an important job. Red blood cells carry oxygen to tissues in the body.

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10
Q

NAME THE THREE BONES IN YOUR ARM

A
  • HUMERUS (upper arm),
  • ULNA (includes elbow),
  • RADIUS (to base of thumb)
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11
Q

How many bones are in your forearm?

A

TWO - the Radius and the Ulna

Having TWO bones in your forearm lets you ROTATE your wrist and use your HANDS more effectively.

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12
Q

LIGAMENTS are made of…

A

strong, flexible COLLAGEN fibers

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13
Q

It’s strong, but much more

FLEXIBLE than bone… what is it??

A

Cartilage

Cartilage is what makes up your

  • Ears
  • Nose
  • “Windpipe” (trachea)
  • “Voice box” (larynx)
  • Joints between bones
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14
Q

Tendons are

A

fibrous connective tissue which attaches muscle to bone.

a flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen

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15
Q

Ligaments are

A

a short band of tough, flexible fibrous connective tissue which connects two bones, cartilages or holds together a joint.

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16
Q

The function of a ligament is to

A

provide a passive limit to amount of movement between your bones.

Ligaments join bones to other bones to form a joint.

The human body has approximately 900 ligaments.

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17
Q

how many types of digestion are there?

A

Two

Mechanical and chemical

Mechanical is when the body physically increases the surface area by crushing, churning or compressing food (Chewing is and example of mechanical digestion)

Chemical is when the body uses enzymes to produce a reaction

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18
Q

what is the first step of digestion?

A

breaking down and lubricating food in the mouth

  • Teeth help by breaking down food into smaller pieces
  • Saliva lubricates, adds enzymes and initiates the chemical breakdown
  • Saliva also contains white blood cells that help fight infection - it is a first line of defense
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19
Q

what is the function of the digestive system?

A

to take in food, break it down and absorb nutrients

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20
Q

what INVOLUNTARY process moves food through the esophagus and into the stomach?

A

Peristalsis

Peristalsis is a type of muscle contraction

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21
Q

The esophagus is a smooth muscle. What is its job?

A

it involuntarily contracts and relaxes pushing food into the stomach

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22
Q

what prevents food from going to the lungs ?

A

when food is swallowed the trachea CLOSES and the esophagus OPENS

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23
Q

a sphincter is?

A

a ring of muscle that separates parts of the digestive tracts

Sphincters are like valve cut-offs

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24
Q

when food moves from the esophagus to the stomach it must pass through….?

A

the esophageal sphincter

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25
Q

The esphogeal sphincter prevents…

A

stomach contents from moving back into the esophagus

when it leaks you can experience heartburn

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26
Q

how does the stomach breakdown food?

A

it it a strong muscle that compresses, churns and uses a mixture of enzymes and acids to breakdown food

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27
Q

which digestive organ is responsible for absorbing nutrients?

A

The SMALL intestine

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28
Q

after food is broken down and properly “digested” in the stomach -where does it go?

A

it passes through the PYLORIC sphincter into the small intestine

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29
Q

the slurry of food and liquid created in the stomach is called what?

A

CHYME

Chyme is digested food mixed with stomach acid

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30
Q

As Chyme moves through the small intestine what happens?

A

it begins to absorb nutrients, absorbing them into the circulatory system

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31
Q

What function does the liver perform?

A

The liver is a HUGE filter

it also detoxifies chemicals entering the bloodstream

The liver processes nutrients absorbed by the small intestine

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32
Q

name the 3 accessory organs that aid in digestion

A

The liver, gallbladder and pancreas

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33
Q

what is are the functions of the gallbladder and pancreas?

A

to secrete enzymes and bile - adding to the chemical digestion process and aiding in absorption of nutrients

The pancreas also produces insulin a hormone that lowers the level of glucose (a type of sugar) in the blood. It’s made by the beta cells of the pancreas and released into the blood when the glucose level goes up, such as after eating. Insulin helps glucose enter the body’s cells, where it can be used for energy or stored for future use.

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34
Q

What is bile?

A

a thick bitter yellow or greenish fluid produced by the liver to aid in digestion of fats in the small intestine.

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35
Q

what is the purpose of the large intestine?

A

to absorb any remaining water from indigestible food

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36
Q

as remaining water / liquid is absorbed the large intestine what happens?

A

solid waste is formed. this is called stool or feces

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37
Q

before solid waste can leave the body it must pass through…

A

the anus. this is another sphincter which seperates the large intestine and the outside of the body

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38
Q

the salivary glands do what?

A

release saliva breaking down carbohydrates

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39
Q

the stomach

A

is a large muscle. it is where digestive enzymes and chemicals are released to breakdown protiens

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40
Q

the small intestine

A

is where nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream

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41
Q

what does saliva do???

A

it lubricates
food, enzymes in it
also help digest
CARBOHYDRATES

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42
Q

the large intestine is

A

where most water is absorbed into the body

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43
Q

the rectum and anus are

A

where solid waste are removed - completing the process of digestion

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44
Q

YOU CAN TRACE THE EVOLUTION OF VERTEBRATES

A

BY COMPARING THEIR CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS

45
Q

FISH have a

A

2-CHAMBERED HEART

1 ATRIUM, 1 VENTRICLE

The single-loop system takes blood from the HEART to the GILLS and then to the BODY before returning to the heart.

46
Q

YOU CAN TRACE THE EVOLUTION OF VERTEBRATES

A

BY COMPARING THEIR CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS

you need to know how to do these comparisons for the next exam…

one chamber system > three chamber > Four chamber system

47
Q

Fish circulation looks like this…..

A
48
Q

where does blood collect before moving into the ventricle?

A

The atrium

49
Q

What is different about amphibian and reptile hearts?

A

They are 3 chambered

they have TWO atrias and ONE Ventricle

mammals and birds have four chambers - This is a more efficient system

50
Q

a four chambered heart is more efficient because it….

A

separates oxygen-rich and depleted blood

51
Q

The path blood travels in mamals and birds is…

A
  • From Right Ventricle to LUNGS, then from…
  • Left Atrium to Left Ventricle
  • Left Ventricle to BODY
  • BODY back to Right Atrium
  • Right Atrium to Right Ventricle and
  • Right Ventricle back to the lungs…

MEMORIZE THIS

52
Q

Why is the 4 chamber heart more efficient?

A
  • MORE EFFICIENT PUMPING= BETTER OXYGEN DELIVERY
  • BETTER OXYGEN DELIVERY= BETTER ENERGY GENERATION
  • BETTER ENERGY GENERATION essential for ENDOTHERMY (warm-bloodedness)
  • MORE ACTIVE LIFESTYLE
53
Q

Apatite is

A

a component of bone tissue. It gives bones their compressive strength

54
Q

OSTEOCYTES are

A

the longest living bone cell, making up 90–95% of cells in bone tissue

55
Q

When you eat you do what?

A

Supply energy to your system by turning body parts from
other living things into your own source of energy and nutrients

56
Q

Name two protein-digesting
ENZYMES in acidic stomach fluid

A

TRYPSIN and PEPSIN

Enzymes are proteins that can BREAK
MOLECULES DOWN. They are not neutralized or
used up, but are used over and over, like tools.

57
Q

MUCUS LINING DOES WHAT??

A

protects
your stomach from itself, ( the acid it produces)

58
Q

ULCERS are

A

wounds
in the digestive tract,
aggravated by
digestive juices.

59
Q

What is blodd for? aka what does it do?

A
  1. CARRY OXYGEN & CARBON DIOXIDE
  2. CARRY FOOD & WATER
  3. CARRY WASTE
  4. CARRY HORMONES
  5. IMMUNITY TO INVADING PARASITES
60
Q

what is blood made of?

A

PLASMA
(liquid)
RED BLOOD CELLS
(oxygen transport)
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
(immune system)
PLATELETS
(clotting)

61
Q

What is ANEMIA?

A

not enough red blood cells, and/or
not enough IRON for the hemoglobin.

62
Q

You use oxygen to get energy from food.
Less iron for oxygen transport means what??

A

less iron = not enough oxygen = LESS ENERGY.

63
Q

Why is Malaria so harmful?

A

The parasites BURST your red blood cells… decreasing their abilty to function properly

64
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

WHITE BLOOD CELLS (colorless,
not really white) attack cells in your body that
are infected by viruses or bacteria, and they
protect against parasites and cancerous cells

65
Q

What do platelets do?

A

PLATELETS
form blood clots with the aid of protein threads

66
Q

crustaceans, insects, mollusks and other
invertebrates pump blood into fluid-filled
spaces without using lots of vessels.

WHAT KIND OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM DO THEY HAVE?

A

OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Blood is pumped by a heart into the open body cavity,
where tissues are surrounded and bathed by the blood.

67
Q

Vertebrates and a few invertebrates (annelids) have
blood in vessels of different size and wall thickness.
Their blood is pumped by a heart through vessels,
and it does not normally fill body cavities.

WHAT KIND OF SYSTEM IS THIS??

A

a closed circulatory system

68
Q

name the 3 kind of blood vessels

A

ARTERIES
VEINS
CAPILLARIES

69
Q

ARTERIES move blood

A

away FROM your heart.
Usually have thicker, more muscular walls.

70
Q

VEINS move blood

A

TOWARD your heart
Usually have less
muscular walls, and
they often have
VALVES that
prevent backflow

71
Q

CAPILLARIES DO WHAT?

A

CAPILLARIES connect arteries and veins.

Some have small pores in the walls allowing materials
and white blood cells pass in and out. Nutrients,
wastes, gases, and hormones are exchanged
across the thin walls, too.

72
Q

In LUNGS, capillaries pick up oxygen and
drop off carbon dioxide into tiny air sacs,
called…

A

ALVEOLI

73
Q

RED BLOOD CELLS
normally stay

A

INSIDE your capillaries.

74
Q

TRUTH OR FICTION?
Oxygen-poor venous blood is
BLUE

A

FALSE

Oddly, blood vessels can look BLUE when
viewed through pale skin.
Sometimes people mistake that apparent color of
the vessels for the color of the BLOOD.
Nope. The blood inside is still RED.

75
Q

what does the lymphatic system do?

A

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
It returns watery PLASMA
(also called LYMPH)
to your
BLOODSTREAM.

Your lymphatic system dumps the lymph
back into a major vessel near your HEART.

76
Q

CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS do what?

A

1.Blood goes to lungs/gills for gas exchange
2.Blood must go to body cells for
food/waste/gas exchange
3.Blood must be pumped through the system

77
Q

YOU CAN TRACE THE EVOLUTION OF
VERTEBRATES

A

BY COMPARING THEIR CIRCULATORY
SYSTEMS

78
Q

FISH have a

A

2-CHAMBERED HEART
1 ATRIUM, 1 VENTRICLE
The single-loop system takes
blood from the HEART to the
GILLS and then to the BODY
before returning to the heart.

79
Q

The ATRIUM is ???

A

where the blood
collects before moving into the ventricle
The more muscular VENTRICLE squeezes the
blood outward into the body

80
Q

AMPHIBIANS & REPTILES have a….

A

: 3-CHAMBERED HEART

2 ATRIA, 1 VENTRICLE
Blood goes from the heart to the lungs, and returns to the
heart for an extra push = stronger flow.
A disadvantage is the mixing of oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood in the ventricle. Some blood might also
make a wasted extra trip to the lungs.

81
Q

Mammals and birds have a

A

4-CHAMBERED HEART
separates oxygen-rich and
depleted blood (efficient).
2 ATRIA
2 VENTRICLES

  • From RV to LUNGS, then
  • to LA to LV
  • to BODY,
  • then back to RA
  • to RV
  • and back to
  • lungs…
82
Q

Mammal and bird heart (4 chambers)
MORE EFFICIENT PUMPING
=

A

= BETTER OXYGEN DELIVERY
= BETTER ENERGY GENERATION.
for ENDOTHERMY (warm-bloodedness)
MORE ACTIVE LIFESTYLE

83
Q

YOUR RIGHT
VENTRICLE
(smaller) SENDS
BLOOD

A

A SHORT
DISTANCE; TO
YOUR LUNGS.

84
Q

YOUR LEFT
VENTRICLE (larger)
MOVES BLOOD

A

TO CAPILLARIES
ALL OVER YOUR
BODY.

85
Q

What is Apatite?

A

apatite is an inorganic calcium phosphate salt with a biological derivation.

It is also the main inorganic component of hard tissues such as bones and teeth of vertebrates.

86
Q

THE COMPONENTS OF BONE ARE >

A
  1. APATITE
    (calcium phosphate mineral)
  2. Fibrous framework made of protein strands;
    mostly COLLAGEN
  3. BLOOD VESSELS and NERVES
  4. Bone cells (“OSTEOCYTES”)
87
Q

a vein is a

A

blood vessel that moves deoxygenated blood towrd the right atrium

88
Q

onec blood reaches the heart what ventricle pumps to the lungs?

A

The right ventricle

89
Q
A
90
Q

CLASS AMPHIBIA

A

Smooth skin
Eggs in water (jelly)
METAMORPHOSIS
No claws or teeth

91
Q

CLASS REPTILIA

A

Scaly skin
Eggs on LAND (shell)
NO METAMORPHOSIS
CLAWS,TEETH (maybe)

92
Q

Amphibians have

A

NO SCALES or CLAWS
Their skin is thin, often moist or slimy.

Example: RED-BACKED SALAMANDER
Common in the Adirondacks
No lungs (breathing through the skin).

93
Q

why is the RED BACKED SALAMANDER DIFFERENT???

A

Unlike most amphibians, these
forest-dwelling salamanders
lay their eggs ON LAND.

94
Q

They lack scales and claws,
but amphibians are not
necessarily DEFENSELESS.

WHY??

A

Some have poison glands in
their skin

95
Q

AMPHIBIAN EGGS ARE…

A

Laid in WATER
JELLY covering
No food supply

96
Q

REPTILE EGGS

A

Laid on LAND
Breathable SHELL
Food supply (YOLK)

97
Q

CLASS AMPHIBIA includes…

A

Frogs & Toads
Salamanders & Newts

98
Q

CLASS REPTILIA

A

Lizards
Snakes
Turtles
Crocodilians

99
Q

These FOUR basic kinds of North
American snake are more
dangerously VENOMOUS

A
  1. CORAL SNAKE
  2. COTTONMOUTH
  3. COPPERHEAD
  4. RATTLESNAKE
100
Q

The two kinds of venoumous snakes are found in the
southern NORTHEAST
(but NOT here in the Adirondack uplands)

WHAT ARE THEY??

A

COPPERHEAD
RATTLESNAKE

101
Q

CROCODILES have ??? snouts
ALLIGATORS have ??? snouts.

A

CROCODILES have narrower snouts
ALLIGATORS have broader snouts.

ALLIGATORS are the ones you’re most likely
to see in the southern USA. They are usually
LESS dangerous to people than
CROCODILES.

102
Q

CROCODILIANS
(Crocodiles, Alligators, Caimans, etc.)
Adults are mainly aquatic, but they must lay their
leathery, amniote eggs where??

A

on LAND.

103
Q

TURTLES are

A

reptiles
Kind of like a lizard with a bony SHELL.

104
Q

MIMICRY is when…

A

Some non-poisonous species benefit
from RESEMBLING the venomous types.

105
Q

Garter snakes actually DO have

A

VENOM GLANDS.

106
Q

Snake skin is

A

DRY and SCALY, not slimy.

107
Q

A snake’s forked tongue is for?

A

It’s for “tasting” the air (sense of SMELL)

108
Q

METAMORPHOSIS

A

Egg, tadpole, frog

109
Q
A

Biology 110 PSC (4 decks)

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