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Biology 110 PSC > BIO18 Week 8 > Flashcards

BIO18 Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

WHAT IS BONE?

A

a complex structure, much like a city building.
Great detail exists on the microscopic scale

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2
Q

Name the COMPONENTS OF BONE (what makes up bone structure ?)

A
  1. APATITE (calcium phosphate mineral)
  2. Fibrous framework made of protein strands; mostly COLLAGEN
  3. BLOOD VESSELS and NERVES
  4. Bone cells (“OSTEOCYTES”)
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3
Q

what is COLLAGEN?

A

it is a kind of PROTEIN that is found inside solid BONE but also in many OTHER body parts

In solid bone, it appears as tiny fibers.
When softened, it can act like glue

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4
Q

Collagen fibers add

A

strength and flexibility to bone, much like “rebar” does for concrete.

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5
Q

What is an OSTEOCYTE?

A

a cell that lies within the substance of fully formed bone

it “lives” embedded in the apatite “cement” of solid bone

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6
Q

Thin channels connect the osteocyte cells. What are these channels called?

A

the channels are HAVERSIAN CANALS. They are thin tube like tunnels that contain blood vessels and nerves that supply them

(sounds like HAVE er See ann)

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7
Q

osteocytes, blood vessels, and nerves help bones to…. ??

A

GROW…

…and also to REPAIR broken bones

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8
Q

Name the different types of bone fractures.. (there are 6 kinds)

A
  1. Greenstick
  2. spiral
  3. comminuted
  4. transverse
  5. compound
  6. compression
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9
Q

many of your red blood cells form in the…

A

marrow

it is the spongy substance found in the center of the bones. It manufactures bone marrow stem cells and other substances, which in turn produce blood cells.

Each type of blood cell made by the bone marrow has an important job. Red blood cells carry oxygen to tissues in the body.

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10
Q

NAME THE THREE BONES IN YOUR ARM

A
  • HUMERUS (upper arm),
  • ULNA (includes elbow),
  • RADIUS (to base of thumb)
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11
Q

How many bones are in your forearm?

A

TWO - the Radius and the Ulna

Having TWO bones in your forearm lets you ROTATE your wrist and use your HANDS more effectively.

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12
Q

LIGAMENTS are made of…

A

strong, flexible COLLAGEN fibers

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13
Q

It’s strong, but much more

FLEXIBLE than bone… what is it??

A

Cartilage

Cartilage is what makes up your

  • Ears
  • Nose
  • “Windpipe” (trachea)
  • “Voice box” (larynx)
  • Joints between bones
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14
Q

Tendons are

A

fibrous connective tissue which attaches muscle to bone.

a flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen

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15
Q

Ligaments are

A

a short band of tough, flexible fibrous connective tissue which connects two bones, cartilages or holds together a joint.

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16
Q

The function of a ligament is to

A

provide a passive limit to amount of movement between your bones.

Ligaments join bones to other bones to form a joint.

The human body has approximately 900 ligaments.

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17
Q

how many types of digestion are there?

A

Two

Mechanical and chemical

Mechanical is when the body physically increases the surface area by crushing, churning or compressing food (Chewing is and example of mechanical digestion)

Chemical is when the body uses enzymes to produce a reaction

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18
Q

what is the first step of digestion?

A

breaking down and lubricating food in the mouth

  • Teeth help by breaking down food into smaller pieces
  • Saliva lubricates, adds enzymes and initiates the chemical breakdown
  • Saliva also contains white blood cells that help fight infection - it is a first line of defense
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19
Q

what is the function of the digestive system?

A

to take in food, break it down and absorb nutrients

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20
Q

what INVOLUNTARY process moves food through the esophagus and into the stomach?

A

Peristalsis

Peristalsis is a type of muscle contraction

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21
Q

The esophagus is a smooth muscle. What is its job?

A

it involuntarily contracts and relaxes pushing food into the stomach

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22
Q

what prevents food from going to the lungs ?

A

when food is swallowed the trachea CLOSES and the esophagus OPENS

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23
Q

a sphincter is?

A

a ring of muscle that separates parts of the digestive tracts

Sphincters are like valve cut-offs

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24
Q

when food moves from the esophagus to the stomach it must pass through….?

A

the esophageal sphincter

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25
The esphogeal sphincter prevents...
stomach contents from moving back into the esophagus when it leaks you can experience heartburn
26
how does the stomach breakdown food?
it it a strong muscle that compresses, churns and uses a mixture of enzymes and acids to breakdown food
27
which digestive organ is responsible for absorbing nutrients?
The SMALL intestine
28
after food is broken down and properly "digested" in the stomach -where does it go?
it passes through the PYLORIC sphincter into the small intestine
29
the slurry of food and liquid created in the stomach is called what?
CHYME Chyme is digested food mixed with stomach acid
30
As Chyme moves through the small intestine what happens?
it begins to absorb nutrients, absorbing them into the circulatory system
31
What function does the liver perform?
The liver is a HUGE filter it also detoxifies chemicals entering the bloodstream The liver processes nutrients absorbed by the small intestine
32
name the 3 accessory organs that aid in digestion
The liver, gallbladder and pancreas
33
what is are the functions of the gallbladder and pancreas?
to secrete enzymes and bile - adding to the chemical digestion process and aiding in absorption of nutrients The pancreas also produces insulin a hormone that lowers the level of glucose (a type of sugar) in the blood. It's made by the beta cells of the pancreas and released into the blood when the glucose level goes up, such as after eating. Insulin helps glucose enter the body's cells, where it can be used for energy or stored for future use.
34
What is bile?
a thick bitter yellow or greenish fluid produced by the liver to aid in digestion of fats in the small intestine.
35
what is the purpose of the large intestine?
to absorb any remaining water from indigestible food
36
as remaining water / liquid is absorbed the large intestine what happens?
solid waste is formed. this is called stool or feces
37
before solid waste can leave the body it must pass through...
the anus. this is another sphincter which seperates the large intestine and the outside of the body
38
the salivary glands do what?
release saliva breaking down carbohydrates
39
the stomach
is a large muscle. it is where digestive enzymes and chemicals are released to breakdown protiens
40
the small intestine
is where nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream
41
what does saliva do???
it lubricates food, enzymes in it also help digest CARBOHYDRATES
42
the large intestine is
where most water is absorbed into the body
43
the rectum and anus are
where solid waste are removed - completing the process of digestion
44
YOU CAN TRACE THE EVOLUTION OF VERTEBRATES
BY COMPARING THEIR CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS
45
FISH have a
2-CHAMBERED HEART 1 ATRIUM, 1 VENTRICLE The single-loop system takes blood from the HEART to the GILLS and then to the BODY before returning to the heart.
46
YOU CAN TRACE THE EVOLUTION OF VERTEBRATES
BY COMPARING THEIR CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS **you need to know how to do these comparisons for the next exam...** one chamber system \> three chamber \> Four chamber system
47
Fish circulation looks like this.....
48
where does blood collect before moving into the ventricle?
The atrium
49
What is different about amphibian and reptile hearts?
They are 3 chambered they have TWO atrias and ONE Ventricle mammals and birds have four chambers - This is a more efficient system
50
a four chambered heart is more efficient because it....
separates oxygen-rich and depleted blood
51
The path blood travels in mamals and birds is...
* From Right Ventricle to LUNGS, then from... * Left Atrium to Left Ventricle * Left Ventricle to BODY * BODY back to Right Atrium * Right Atrium to Right Ventricle and * Right Ventricle back to the lungs... **MEMORIZE THIS**
52
Why is the 4 chamber heart more efficient?
* MORE EFFICIENT PUMPING= BETTER OXYGEN DELIVERY * BETTER OXYGEN DELIVERY= BETTER ENERGY GENERATION * BETTER ENERGY GENERATION essential for ENDOTHERMY (warm-bloodedness) * MORE ACTIVE LIFESTYLE
53
Apatite is
a component of bone tissue. It gives bones their compressive strength
54
OSTEOCYTES are
the longest living bone cell, making up 90–95% of cells in bone tissue
55
When you eat you do what?
Supply energy to your system by turning body parts from other living things into your own source of energy and nutrients
56
Name two protein-digesting ENZYMES in acidic stomach fluid
TRYPSIN and PEPSIN Enzymes are proteins that can BREAK MOLECULES DOWN. They are not neutralized or used up, but are used over and over, like tools.
57
MUCUS LINING DOES WHAT??
protects your stomach from itself, ( the acid it produces)
58
ULCERS are
wounds in the digestive tract, aggravated by digestive juices.
59
What is blodd for? aka what does it do?
1. CARRY OXYGEN & CARBON DIOXIDE 2. CARRY FOOD & WATER 3. CARRY WASTE 4. CARRY HORMONES 5. IMMUNITY TO INVADING PARASITES
60
what is blood made of?
PLASMA (liquid) RED BLOOD CELLS (oxygen transport) WHITE BLOOD CELLS (immune system) PLATELETS (clotting)
61
What is ANEMIA?
not enough red blood cells, and/or not enough IRON for the hemoglobin.
62
You use oxygen to get energy from food. Less iron for oxygen transport means what??
less iron = not enough oxygen = LESS ENERGY.
63
Why is Malaria so harmful?
The parasites BURST your red blood cells... decreasing their abilty to function properly
64
What do white blood cells do?
WHITE BLOOD CELLS (colorless, not really white) attack cells in your body that are infected by viruses or bacteria, and they protect against parasites and cancerous cells
65
What do platelets do?
PLATELETS form blood clots with the aid of protein threads
66
crustaceans, insects, mollusks and other invertebrates pump blood into fluid-filled spaces without using lots of vessels. WHAT KIND OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM DO THEY HAVE?
OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Blood is pumped by a heart into the open body cavity, where tissues are surrounded and bathed by the blood.
67
Vertebrates and a few invertebrates (annelids) have blood in vessels of different size and wall thickness. Their blood is pumped by a heart through vessels, and it does not normally fill body cavities. WHAT KIND OF SYSTEM IS THIS??
a closed circulatory system
68
name the 3 kind of blood vessels
ARTERIES VEINS CAPILLARIES
69
ARTERIES move blood
**away** FROM your heart. Usually have thicker, more muscular walls.
70
VEINS move blood
TOWARD your heart Usually have less muscular walls, and they often have VALVES that prevent backflow
71
CAPILLARIES DO WHAT?
CAPILLARIES connect arteries and veins. Some have small pores in the walls allowing materials and white blood cells pass in and out. Nutrients, wastes, gases, and hormones are exchanged across the thin walls, too.
72
In LUNGS, capillaries pick up oxygen and drop off carbon dioxide into tiny air sacs, called...
ALVEOLI
73
RED BLOOD CELLS normally stay
INSIDE your capillaries.
74
TRUTH OR FICTION? Oxygen-poor venous blood is BLUE
FALSE Oddly, blood vessels can look BLUE when viewed through pale skin. Sometimes people mistake that apparent color of the vessels for the color of the BLOOD. Nope. The blood inside is still RED.
75
what does the lymphatic system do?
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM It returns watery PLASMA (also called LYMPH) to your BLOODSTREAM. Your lymphatic system dumps the lymph back into a major vessel near your HEART.
76
CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS do what?
1.Blood goes to lungs/gills for gas exchange 2.Blood must go to body cells for food/waste/gas exchange 3.Blood must be pumped through the system
77
YOU CAN TRACE THE EVOLUTION OF VERTEBRATES
BY COMPARING THEIR CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS
78
FISH have a
2-CHAMBERED HEART 1 ATRIUM, 1 VENTRICLE The single-loop system takes blood from the HEART to the GILLS and then to the BODY before returning to the heart.
79
The ATRIUM is ???
where the blood collects before moving into the ventricle The more muscular VENTRICLE squeezes the blood outward into the body
80
AMPHIBIANS & REPTILES have a....
: 3-CHAMBERED HEART **2 ATRIA, 1 VENTRICLE** Blood goes from the heart to the lungs, and returns to the heart for an extra push = stronger flow. A disadvantage is the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the ventricle. Some blood might also make a wasted extra trip to the lungs.
81
Mammals and birds have a
4-CHAMBERED HEART separates oxygen-rich and depleted blood (efficient). 2 ATRIA 2 VENTRICLES * From RV to LUNGS, then * to LA to LV * to BODY, * then back to RA * to RV * and back to * lungs...
82
Mammal and bird heart (4 chambers) MORE EFFICIENT PUMPING =
= BETTER OXYGEN DELIVERY = BETTER ENERGY GENERATION. for ENDOTHERMY (warm-bloodedness) MORE ACTIVE LIFESTYLE
83
YOUR RIGHT VENTRICLE (smaller) SENDS BLOOD
A SHORT DISTANCE; TO YOUR LUNGS.
84
YOUR LEFT VENTRICLE (larger) MOVES BLOOD
TO CAPILLARIES ALL OVER YOUR BODY.
85
What is Apatite?
apatite is an inorganic calcium phosphate salt with a biological derivation. It is also the main inorganic component of hard tissues such as bones and teeth of vertebrates.
86
THE COMPONENTS OF BONE ARE \>
1. APATITE (calcium phosphate mineral) 2. Fibrous framework made of protein strands; mostly COLLAGEN 3. BLOOD VESSELS and NERVES 4. Bone cells (“OSTEOCYTES”)
87
a vein is a
blood vessel that moves deoxygenated blood towrd the right atrium
88
onec blood reaches the heart what ventricle pumps to the lungs?
The right ventricle
89
90
CLASS AMPHIBIA
Smooth skin Eggs in water (jelly) METAMORPHOSIS No claws or teeth
91
CLASS REPTILIA
Scaly skin Eggs on LAND (shell) NO METAMORPHOSIS CLAWS,TEETH (maybe)
92
Amphibians have
NO SCALES or CLAWS Their skin is thin, often moist or slimy. Example: RED-BACKED SALAMANDER Common in the Adirondacks No lungs (breathing through the skin).
93
why is the RED BACKED SALAMANDER DIFFERENT???
Unlike most amphibians, these forest-dwelling salamanders lay their eggs ON LAND.
94
They lack scales and claws, but amphibians are not necessarily DEFENSELESS. WHY??
Some have poison glands in their skin
95
AMPHIBIAN EGGS ARE...
Laid in WATER JELLY covering No food supply
96
REPTILE EGGS
Laid on LAND Breathable SHELL Food supply (YOLK)
97
CLASS AMPHIBIA includes...
Frogs & Toads Salamanders & Newts
98
CLASS REPTILIA
Lizards Snakes Turtles Crocodilians
99
These FOUR basic kinds of North American snake are more dangerously VENOMOUS
1. CORAL SNAKE 2. COTTONMOUTH 3. COPPERHEAD 4. RATTLESNAKE
100
The two kinds of venoumous snakes are found in the southern NORTHEAST (but NOT here in the Adirondack uplands) WHAT ARE THEY??
COPPERHEAD RATTLESNAKE
101
CROCODILES have ??? snouts ALLIGATORS have ??? snouts.
CROCODILES have narrower snouts ALLIGATORS have broader snouts. ALLIGATORS are the ones you're most likely to see in the southern USA. They are usually LESS dangerous to people than CROCODILES.
102
CROCODILIANS (Crocodiles, Alligators, Caimans, etc.) Adults are mainly aquatic, but they must lay their leathery, amniote eggs where??
on LAND.
103
TURTLES are
reptiles Kind of like a lizard with a bony SHELL.
104
MIMICRY is when...
Some non-poisonous species benefit from RESEMBLING the venomous types.
105
Garter snakes actually DO have
VENOM GLANDS.
106
Snake skin is
DRY and SCALY, not slimy.
107
A snake's forked tongue is for?
It's for "tasting" the air (sense of SMELL)
108
METAMORPHOSIS
Egg, tadpole, frog
109

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