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BMAT > Biology🌱 > Flashcards

Biology🌱 Flashcards

1
Q

Animal Cells

A 
Cytoplasm
Nucleus 
Ribosomes
Mitochondria 
Cell membrane
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2
Q

Plant Cells

A 
Cytoplasm 
Nucleus 
Ribosomes
Vacuole 
Mitochondria 
Cell membrane 
Cell wall
Chloroplast
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3
Q

Use of Cell Membrane

A

Semi-permeable structure that allows some substances to pass through but not all. Therefore it controls movement of substances in and out of the cell.

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4
Q

Use of Cytoplasm

A

A jelly-like material that contains dissolved nutrients and salts. This is where chemical reactions occur.

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5
Q

Use of Nucleus

A

Contains genetic material, including DNA and controls cell activities.

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6
Q

Use of Mitochondria

A

Contains enzymes for respiration and is where most energy is released for respiration.

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7
Q

Use of Cell Wall

A

Made for cellulose fibres and strengths and supports the cell.

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8
Q

Use of Chloroplast

A

Contains chlorophyll (green pigment) which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis. Contains enzymes needed for photosynthesis.

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9
Q

Use of Vacuole

A

Filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid.

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10
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

A cell without a nucleus e.g. bacteria and archaea.

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11
Q

Use of Chromosomal DNA

A

The DNA of bacterial cells is found loose in cytoplasm.

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12
Q

 Use of Plasmid DNA

A

Small, closed-circles of DNA present in the cytoplasm. Unlike chromosomal DNA, plasmid DNA can move from one bacterium to another giving variation.

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13
Q

Levels of Organisation

A

Subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms and biosphere (figure).

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14
Q

Process of Diffusion

A

Movement of a substance from a high concentration to a low concentration.

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15
Q

Process of Osmosis

A

Movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from a high concentration to a low concentration.

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16
Q

Process of Active Transport

A

Requires energy to move substances from a low concentration to a high concentration. It goes against the concentration gradient.

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17
Q

Mitosis Conditions

A 
2 daughter cells
1 stage cell division
Diploid (46 chromosomes)
Genetically identical
Body cells (not eggs or sperm)
Prophase is shorter
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18
Q

What does Uncontrolled cell growth lead to?

A

Cancer

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19
Q

Meiosis Conditions

A 
4 daughter cells
2 stage cell division
Genetically different
Only occurs in animals, plants and fungi
Creates germ cells (eggs and sperm)
Haploid (23 Chromosomes)
Prophase is longer
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20
Q

Asexual Reproduction Conditions

A

One parent

Offspring are genetically identical

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21
Q

Sexual Reproduction Conditions

A

2 Parent cells

Offspring are genetically different leading to variation

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22
Q

XX Chromosomes

A

Females

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23
Q

XY Chromosomes

A

Males

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24
Q

Gene Definition

A

Small section of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a particular sequence of amino acid, to make a certain protein.

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25
Q

Allele Definition

A

Variant form of a gene (Different version of the same gene).

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26
Q

Dominant Definition

A

Expressed with a capital letter.

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27
Q

Recessive Definition

A

Expressed with a lowercase letter.

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28
Q

Heterozygous Definition

A

Someone with different alleles for a specific gene.

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29
Q

Homozygous Definition

A

Someone with identical alleles for a specific gene.

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30
Q

Phenotype Definition

A

The particular version of a characteristic seen in an individual.

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31
Q

Genotype Definition

A

The collection of alleles that determine an organism’s characteristic.

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32
Q

Chromosome Definition

A

Thin strand of DNA.

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33
Q

What is a Genome?

A

The entire genetic material (DNA) of an organism

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34
Q

What do Chromosomes contain?

A

DNA

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35
Q

What is DNA?

A

A polymer made up of two strands forming a double helix

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36
Q

How many nucleotides make up DNA?

A

4

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37
Q

Complimentary Bases

A

(A) Adenine
(T) Thymine
(C) Cytosine
(G) Guanine

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38
Q

What does Adenine bind with?

A

Thymine

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39
Q

What does Cytosine bind with?

A

Guanine

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40
Q

What do Genes carry?

A

Codes for proteins

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41
Q

How is the genetic code read?

A

In triplets

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42
Q

What does each triplet code for?

A

Amino Acid

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43
Q

What does protein synthesis involve?

A

The production of proteins from amino acids

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44
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A change in DNA

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45
Q

Genetic engineering process

A

1) Selection of desired characteristic
2) Isolation of the gene responsible for this characteristic
3) Insertion of the gene into another organism
4) Replication of the transgenic organism

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46
Q

Example of genetic engineering in different types of cells

A

Bacteria cells making insulin
Crops
Golden rice (produces beta carotene)

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47
Q

Benefits and risks of genetic engineering in medical application

A

Faster and more efficient
Improves quality
Plants can produce toxins to discourage insects from eating
!
Belief that it is not ethical to interfere in natures way
GM crops could be harmful (toxins have been detected in blood)
GM crops could cause allergic reactions in people

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48
Q

What are embryonic stem cells?

A

Cells that can differentiate into any cell around the body. It loses this ability has the cell matures.

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49
Q

Functions of Stem cells

A

To divide and develop into any specialised body cell. They serve as a repair system for the body.

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50
Q

Benefits and risks of using stem cells in medical applications

A

Treating patients with currently untreatable conditions
Growing organs for transplant
Medical research
!
Clinical issue (can mutate and cause cancer)
Ethical issue (what stage is the embryo treated as a human?)
Social issue (expensive treatment and can cause false hope)

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51
Q

Impact of selective breeding on domesticated animals

A

Find answer

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52
Q

Is there genetic variation within a population of species

A

Yes, there is usually an extensive genetic variation within a population of species

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53
Q

What is evolution?

A

A change in the inherited characteristics of a population over time through a process of natural selection which may result in the formation of a new species.

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54
Q

How does evolution occur through natural selection?

A

When certain genotypes produce more offspring than other genotypes in response to the environment.

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55
Q

Antibiotic Resistance

A

When germs like bacteria and fungi develop the ability to defeat the drugs designed to kill them.

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56
Q

If variation can be genetic/inherited, what does that result in?

A

In a range of phenotypes

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57
Q

If variation is environmental, what does that result in?

A

As variation can also be environmental, it affects a range of phenotypes

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58
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts

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59
Q

Mechanism of enzyme action

A

1) Substrate bides to the active site of the enzyme
2) Enzyme catalyses breakdown to the substrate
3) Products are released from active site

60
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of enzyme action?

A

As the temperature increases, the rate increases.
If the temperature is too high, the enzyme will denature.
The optimum temperature is when the most products are created.

61
Q

How does pH affect the rate of enzyme action?

A

As you increase the pH, rate of reaction increases.
If the pH is too strong, enzyme activity decreases as the active site begins to deform.
The optimum pH is when the enzyme works best.

62
Q

Role of amylase in digestion

A

Breaking down carbohydrates.

63
Q

Role of protease in digestion

A

Breaking down proteins.

64
Q

Role of lipase in digestion

A

Breaking down fats and lipids.

65
Q

Process of Cellular Respiration

A

When organisms respire in order to release energy to fuel their living processes. This process is exothermic.

66
Q

Process of Aerobic Respiration

A

Respiration that uses oxygen to break down food molecules.

67
Q

Aerobic Respiration equation

A

Glucose + Water = Carbon dioxide + Water

(+ ATP)

68
Q

What does the central nervous system comprise?

A

The brain and spinal cord

69
Q

Structure and function of sensory neurons

A

Carries nerve impulses from sensory receptors towards the central nervous system and brain.

70
Q

Structure and function of relay neurons

A

Allows sensory and motor neutrons to communicate with each other.

71
Q

Structure and function of motor neurons

A

Controls all of our muscle movement.

72
Q

Structure and function of synapses

A

Allows a signal to pass from one neuron to the next.

73
Q

Structure and function of the reflex arc

A

Receptor in the skin that detects a stimulus (change in temperature etc).

74
Q

Structure and function of respiratory system

A

Network of organs and tissues that help you breathe. Includes your airways, lungs and blood vessels.

75
Q

Structure of the thorax

A

Part of the body between the neck and abdomen.

76
Q

Process of ventilation and gas exchange

A

Ventilation, or breathing, is the movement of air through the conducting passages between the atmosphere and the lungs. Gas exchange is the process of absorbing inhaled atmospheric oxygen molecules into the bloodstream and offloading carbon dioxide from the bloodstream into the atmosphere.

77
Q

The importance of a high surface area : volume ratio for the gas exchange process.

A

Find answer

78
Q

Structure and function of circulatory system

A

The circulatory system is made up of blood vessels that carry blood away from and towards the heart.

79
Q

Structure and function of the heart

A

The heart is a large muscular pump and is divided into two halves. Right-side is deoxygenated blood to the lungs. Left-side is oxygenated blood around the body.

80
Q

Heart rate and ECGs

A

Heart rate is the speed at which the heart beats. An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a simple test that can be used to check your heart’s rhythm and electrical activity.

81
Q

Arteries Definition

A

Carry blood away from the heart.

82
Q

Vein Definition

A

Carry blood to the heart.

83
Q

Capillary Definition

A

Where gas exchange takes place.

84
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

Carry oxygen

85
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

Involved in antibody production and phagocytosis

86
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Involved in blood clotting

87
Q

What does plasma do?

A

Involved in the transport of blood components and other dissolved substances including hormones, antibodies, urea and carbon dioxide, and in the distribution of heat.

88
Q

Structure and function of digestive system

A

Digestion is the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins and fats into small soluble substances to be absorbed into the blood. Amylase, proteases and lipases are enzymes that are important in digestion.

89
Q

Process of peristalsis

A

Peristalsis is a series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract.

90
Q

Process of digestion

A

1) Chemical Digestion starts in the mouth through enzymes and saliva. Food goes to the stomach.
2) The Small Intestine gets the food and produces enzymes, food is absorbed into blood, large surface area by villi.
3) Large Intestine (Colon) is where indigestible food is passed to. Any excess water is absorbed before it is excreted from the anus.

91
Q

Process of absorption

A

The movement of digested food molecules through the wall of the intestine into the blood or lymph.

92
Q

Process of egestion

A

The process of passing out the remains of food that has not been digested, as faeces, through the anus.

93
Q

Structure and function of the excretory system

A

The Excretory system is responsible for the elimination of wastes produced by homeostasis.

94
Q

Structure and function of the kidney

A

The kidney regulates/controls the water and salt content and removes urea. The kidneys filter the blood to remove waste products, which they convert into urine.

95
Q

Structure and function of the nephron

A

Microscopic structure where urine is produced.

96
Q

Role of kidneys in homeostasis

A

The kidneys control the amount of water, ions, and other substances in the blood by excreting more or less of them in urine.

97
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment

98
Q

Concept of negative feedback

A

Responds when conditions change from the ideal or set point and returns conditions to this set point.

99
Q

Regulation of blood glucose levels

A

Find answer

100
Q

Role of insulin

A

Insulin is a hormone your pancreas makes to lower blood glucose, or sugar.

101
Q

Role of glucagon

A

Glucagon raises your blood glucose level once again.

102
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Type 1 diabetes is a disorder in which the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin. This can be detected from an early age.

103
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

In type 2 diabetes the person’s body cells no longer respond to insulin produced by the pancreas.

104
Q

How can type 1 diabetes be treated?

A

It can be treated by injecting insulin.

105
Q

Regulation of water content

A

The water content of the blood is controlled by a hormone called anti-diuretic hormone (ADH).

106
Q

What is ADH?

A

Anti-diuretic Hormone. Different amounts of ADH are released into the bloodstream according to the concentration of the blood plasma.

107
Q

The regulation of temperature

A

When we get too hot, we sweat. Sweat is released onto the surface of the epidermis. The sweat evaporates, transferring heat energy from the skin to the environment.

When we get too cold, are skeletal muscles contact rapidly causing a shiver. Nerved impulses are sent to our body hair becomes erect and stand up.

108
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

The ‘master gland’, situated at the base of the brain

109
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

Produces thyroxine

110
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces insulin

111
Q

Adrenal Gland

A

Produces adrenaline

112
Q

Testes

A

Produces testosterone

113
Q

Ovaries

A

Produces oestrogen

114
Q

Roles of thyroxine in the body

A

Thyroxine plays an important role in growth and development. Regulate the rate at which calories are burned, affecting weight loss or weight gain.

115
Q

Role of adrenaline in the body

A 
Increasing the heart rate
Increasing blood pressure
Expanding the air passages of the lungs
Enlarging the pupil in the eye 
Redistributing blood to the muscles
116
Q

Examples of negative feedback

A

Thermoregulation
Blood sugar regulation
Osmoregulation

117
Q

The role of hormones in human reproduction

A

They help develop and maintain female sex characteristics and play an important role in the menstrual cycle, fertility, and pregnancy. Male reproductive hormones, such as testosterone, help develop and maintain male sex characteristics and help make sperm in the testes.

118
Q

Hormonal forms of contraception

A

An implant, injections, birth control pills, vaginal rings, and skin patches.

119
Q

Non-hormonal forms of contraception

A

Condoms, Waiting for days your not ovulating, spermicide, abstinence.

120
Q

What are communicable diseases caused by?

A

Pathogenic bacteria
Viruses
Protists
Fungi

121
Q

Transmission routes of STIs

A

Many STIs are spread through contact with infected body fluids such as blood, vaginal fluids, or semen.

122
Q

The effect on the immune system of HIV which results in AIDS

A

The reduction in the number of T lymphocytes in the body due to HIV can then lead to the development of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
Weaker immune system
More vulnerable to infections
No cure

123
Q

The use of antibiotics

A

Antibiotics are used to treat or prevent some types of bacterial infections. Ineffective against viral infections such as the flu or cold.

124
Q

The use of vaccines

A

Vaccines teach your immune system how to create antibodies that protect you from diseases. Your memory cells then remember how to fight the disease.

125
Q

Prevent spread of STIs

A

Wearing a condom
Get checked regularly
Wash before and after intercourse

126
Q

Preventing spread of HIV

A

Tell your sexual partners if you have HIV
Use a clean needle
Wear a condom
HIV prevention medicines such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP).

127
Q

How was penicillin discovered?

A

New drugs are being developed all the time. One of the most famous discoveries was made by Sir Alexander Fleming, who discovered penicillin from the Penicillin mould.

128
Q

Preclinical testing

A

1) The drug is tested on cells in the lab
2) Computer models may also be used to simulate the metabolic pathways that may be taken by the drug
3) Efficacy and toxicity are tested at this stage

129
Q

Clinical Testing

A

1) The drug is tested on human volunteers first, generally with a very low dose then increased. 2)Low dose so that it is safe.
3) Tested on patients with condition next.
4) The patients are often split into two groups; one given the drug the other given a placebo. 5)This is called a double-blind study – neither the doctor nor the patient knows if the patient is getting the placebo or the active drug
6) Once the drug is found to be safe then the lowest effective dose is tested at this stage

130
Q

What diseases are caused by the interaction of many factors?

A

Cardiovascular disease, Many forms of Cancer, some Lung and Liver diseases and diseases influenced by nutrition, including type 2 diabetes.

131
Q

How can cardiovascular disease be treated?

A

Cardiovascular disease can be treated/managed using life-long
medication (including statins, anti-coagulants and anti-hypertensive drugs),
surgical procedures (including stents and bypass for coronary heart
disease), and lifestyle changes (including reducing smoking, more exercise
and a balanced diet)

132
Q

Different levels of organisation in an ecosystem

A

Individual organisms, Populations, Communities, Whole ecosystem.

133
Q

Biotic Factors

A

(living components of an ecosytem)

Humans, insects, wild animals, birds, bacteria, etc.

134
Q

Abiotic Factors

A

(physical or chemical changes in the environment)

Soil, rainfall, humidity, temperature, pH, climate, etc.

135
Q

Factors that cause a change in population size

A

Births
Deaths
Migration

136
Q

The importance of interdependence in ecosystems (relating to

predation, mutualism and parasitism) and of competition in a community

A
137
Q

Interpendence

A

Organisms in an ecosystem rely on each other for their survival

138
Q

Parasite

A

An organism that lives in or on another organism (the host).

139
Q

Mutualism

A

Both species benefit from the arrangement.

140
Q

Name the primary producers

A

Photosynthetic organisms are the primary producers of food in an ecosystem, and therefore biomass.

141
Q

Importance of the carbon cycle

A
142
Q

Importance of photosynthesis in the carbon cycle

A

Plants absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and form it into sugar, starch and other organic compounds. Only process which decreases CO2 levels.

143
Q

Importance of respiration in the carbon cycle

A

Adds CO2 into the environment, plants then convert CO2 into O2.

144
Q

Importance of combustion in the carbon cycle

A

By-product of combustion is that it releases carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere.

145
Q

Importance of decomposition in the carbon cycle

A

Decomposition of organic matter (i.e. dead plant and animal remains) in soils is an important process in any ecosystem. Recycles carbon back into the atmosphere.

146
Q

The importance of the water cycle to living organisms

A

It enables the availability of water for all living organisms and regulates weather patterns on our planet.

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