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BIO 105 > Biology 105 LAB Review for Exam #2 (Ex. 4-7) > Flashcards

Biology 105 LAB Review for Exam #2 (Ex. 4-7) Flashcards

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1
Q

What objective lens provides the largest field of view?

A

Scanning (4x)

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2
Q

What objective lens provides the smallest field of view?

A

High (40x)

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3
Q

Is the field of view inversely or directly related to magnification?

A

It is inversely related to magnification.

The greater the magnification the smaller the field of view.
Magnification increases, field of view decreases.

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4
Q

Scanning lens (4x)

A

40

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5
Q

Low power (10x)

A

100

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6
Q

High power (40x)

A

400

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7
Q

Indicate 3 structures that are common to living cells?

A

1) DNA
2) Cell Membranes/Plasma Membrane
3) Ribosomes

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8
Q

What does prokaryotic cell have or don’t have?

A

No nucleus

No membranes bound organelles

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9
Q

What does eukaryotic cell have or don’t have?

A

Have nucleus

Have membrane-bound organelles

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10
Q

Make a sketch of each the 3 types of bacterial shapes;

Coccus

Bacillus

Spirillum

A

Sketch:

Coccus

Bacillus

Spirillum

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11
Q

Elodea Cell - what does it have (label)

(look in your iPad for the photo)

A

cell wall
chloroplast
area of vacuole

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12
Q

Onion Cell - what does it have (label)

(look in your iPad for the photo)

A

Cell wall
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Mitochondria

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13
Q

Cheek Epithelial - what does it have (label)

(look in your iPad for the photo)

A

Cell membrane
Nucleus

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14
Q

Amoeba - what does it have (label)

(look in your iPad for the photo)

A

Pseudopodia
Nucleus
Food vacuole

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15
Q

Paramecium - what does it have (label)

(look in your iPad for the photo)

A

Cilia
Contractile Vacuole
Oral groove
Nucleus

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16
Q

Amoeba can move via the extension of finger-like projections called pseudopodia, what prevents plant cells from moving in the same fashion?

A

Cell walls that prevents the formation of Pseudopodia

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17
Q

Euglena - what does it have (label)

(look in your iPad for the photo)

A

Flagellum
Chloroplast
Nucleus

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18
Q

How does euglena compare to both plant and animal cells?

(explain what structure(s) might make it similar to plants and what structures might make it similar to animals)

A

Euglena are similar to PLANTS because they BOTH have CHLOROPLAST

Euglena are similar to ANIMALS because NEITHER of them has a CELL WALL

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19
Q

Total Surface Area (cm²) Equation

Ex: Cell
1 cm

A

L x W x 6

(1 cm) x (1 cm) x (6) = 6 cm²

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20
Q

Volume (cm³ )

Ex: Cell
1 cm

A

L x W x H

(1 cm) x (1 cm) x (1 cm) = 1cm³

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21
Q

Calculate Total Surface Are (TSA) , Volume

Ex: Cell
1 cm

TSA : 6 cm²
Volume: 1cm³

A

TSA/Volume Ratio (cm -¹)

     divide 6 cm² / 1cm³ =  6
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22
Q

When using a microscope, what happens to the field of view as magnification increases?

A

As magnification increases the field of view decreases

(the greater the magnification, the smaller the field of view)

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23
Q

If you are observing a specimen under the microscope using the 40X objective and the specimen looks blurry, you should adjust the _____ to bring the image back into focus.

a) Course adjustment
b) Fine adjustment

A

Fine adjustment

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24
Q

MATCH the following statements to the appropriate cell types:
a) Prokaryotic b) Eukaryotic c) Both a and b

Nucleus is present:

Ribosomes are present:

Examples include bacteria:

Organelles such as mitochondria are present:

A

Nucleus is present: b) Eukaryotic

Ribosomes are present: c) Both a and b

Examples include bacteria: a) Prokaryotic

Organelles such as mitochondria are present: b) Eukaryotic

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25
Q

Course adjustment

A

Allows for quick focusing by moving the objective lens or stage up and down.
(You turn the coarse focus knob, it moves the stage (where the specimen is placed) up or down rapidly)

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26
Q

Paramecium use ______ to help them move.

a. Contractile Vacuole
b. Flagella
c. Pseudopodia
d. Cilia

A

d) Cilia

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27
Q

A cell has a total surface area of 150 cm² and a volume of 125 cm³

a). What is the surface area to volume ratio of this cell?

b). What happens to the surface area to volume ratio of a cell as its size gets bigger?

A

a) 1.2 cm -¹

b) The surface area of a cell gets smaller

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28
Q

Describe the relationship between surface area to volume ratio, size of cell, and ease of transport into and out of cell.

A

**As a cell increases in size, its surface area to volume ratio decreases, and making it harder to transport materials (substances) across the cell membrane. **

Smaller cell to higher ratio
cell is small, its surface area to volume increases making it easier to transport substances across the cell membrane.

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29
Q

Which of the following describes a solution with a LOWER SOLUTE CONCENTRATION?

a. Isotonic
b. Hypertonic
c. Hypotonic

A

c. Hypotonic

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30
Q

Which of the following describes a solution with a HIGHER SOLUTE CONCENTRATION?

a. Isotonic
b. Hypertonic
c. Hypotonic

A

b. Hypertonic

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31
Q

In osmosis water diffuses from a __________ solution to a _____________ solution.

A

In osmosis, water diffuses from a HYPOtonic solution to a HYPERtonic solution.

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32
Q

Dialysis refers to the movement of:

A

SOLUTE from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a semipermeable membrane

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33
Q

An egg (shell dissolved) is placed in a solution and after sometime the egg doubles in size. What kind of solution was the egg placed in? Why did the egg get bigger?

A

Egg was placed in a hypotonic solution; the egg got bigger because water moved into the egg through osmosis, from the area of higher water concentration (the solution) to the area of lower water concentration.

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34
Q

In the Elodea cell plasmolysis experiment, what happens to the central vacuole during plasmolysis?

A

During plasmolysis in an Elodea cell,

1) the central vacuole shrinks, it loses water through osmosis,

2) causing the cytoplasm to pull away from the cell wall and becoming visibly smaller

[The vacuole decreases in size due to the loss of water to the surrounding hypertonic solution]

Plasmolysis happens when a plant cell is in a hypertonic solution, meaning the solution has a high concentration of solutes, like salt. This causes water to flow out of the cell through exosmosis. If the plant cell loses too much water, it can die

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34
Q

In the dialysis experiment, did glucose move outside the bag? Did starch move outside of the bag? Why or why not?

A

In a dialysis experiment, glucose would move outside the bag, while starch did not move through the bag.

  • glucose molecules are small enough to pass through the semipermeable membrane of the dialysis bag,
  • starch molecules are too large to do so.
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35
Q

Gas A and Gas B are inserted into this glass tube at the same time and they react to produce a black ring.

a. A or B - which one weighs more? How can you tell?

b. Rate of diffusion is (DIRECTLY or INVERSELY) proportional to the size of a molecule.

c. how would this reaction change if it was performed at a much cooler temperature?

A

a. GAS B weighs more than Gas A , because Gas B has a lower volume than Gas A , gas A has greater density

b. INVERSELY

c. the rate of diffusion would decrease because lower temperature mean molecules have less kinetic energy and move slower.

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36
Q

Which of the following best describes the term “selectively permeable” as it applies to the plasma membrane?

a. No molecules pass through the plasma membrane
b. Only certain molecules pass through the plasma membrane
c. Only large molecules pass through the plasma membrane
d. All molecules pass through the plasma membrane

A

b. Only certain molecules pass through the plasma membrane

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37
Q

For both gas diffusion and dialysis, which type of molecules are more likely to move with greater ease?

a. Small molecules
b. Large molecules

A

a. Small molecules

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38
Q

Which of the following biochemical tests will we be revisiting and using for this week’s dialysis experiment? Mark all that apply.

a. Sudan III
b. Lugol’s Test
c. Benedict’s Test
d. Biuret

A

b. Lugol’s Test (starch)
c. Benedict’s Test (glucose)

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39
Q

Plasmolysis occurs in:

How does plasmolysis affects plant cells and relates to _______ solution?

A

Hypertonic

Plasmolysis is the process where a plant cell shrinks due to water loss when placed in a hypertonic solution, causing the cell membrane to pull away from the cell wall. and the plant cell shrinks and crumples

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40
Q

Which of the following lenses will provide the HIGHEST magnification?

a. 40x
b. ocular only
c. 4x
d. 10x

A

a. 40x

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41
Q

What is the TOTAL MAGNIFICATION when using the high power (40x) lens?

a. 40x
b. 400x
c. 4x

A

b. 400x

42
Q

Which of the following are EUKARYOTIC cells?

a. Bacteria cells
b. Plant and animal cells

A

b. Plant and animal cells

43
Q

The ___________ is the amount of material needed to fill the INSIDE of a cell but the ___________ is the amount of material needed to cover the OUTSIDE of a cell.

A

The __VOLUME__ is the amount of material needed to fill the INSIDE of a cell but the __SURFACE AREA__ is the amount of material needed to cover the OUTSIDE of a cell.

44
Q

Which part of the microscope will hold the sample or slides?

A

The stage

45
Q

To calculate VOLUME of a cube, you multiply the length by the width by the height.

Volume = l x w x h

What would be the volume of the following cube?

diagram of a cube where the side length is 2m.

A

Volume = l x w x h

2 x 2 x 2 = 8

45
Q

What is the TOTAL MAGNIFICATION when using the low power (10x) lens?

a. 1,000x
b. 100x
c. 10x

A

b. 100x

46
Q

Which of the following is TRUE about prokaryotic cells?
a. They include fungi and protists
b. They have complex membrane-bound organelles
c. They do not contain DNA
d. They do not have a nucleus

A

d. They do not have a nucleus

47
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are bound by a plasma membrane, contain DNA and ribosomes to make proteins

A

TRUE

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic both have

plasma membrane
ribosomes
DNA

48
Q

What happens with ANIMAL CELLS (like blood cells) placed into hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solution?

A
  • HyPOtonic solution: Animal cells placed into a hypotonic solution will HEMOLYSIS (EXPLODE).
    a). A solution with a greater solute concentration compared to
    another solution.
  • HyPERtonic: Animal cells placed into a hypertonic solution will CRENATE (SHRIVEL).
    b) A solution with a lower solute concentration compared to
    another solution
  • Isotonic: Remain in Normal state
    c) A solution with an equal solute concentration compared to
    another solution.
49
Q

What happens with a PLANT placed into a hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solution?

A

-HyPOtonic: Firmness or tension (central vacuole full) found in plant cells (cell wall) that are in a hypotonic environment is called TURGID.

-HyPERtonic: When the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall (due central vacuole emptying) in a hypertonic environment (loss of water) this is called PLASMOLYSIS.

-Isotonic: Cell will remain normal

50
Q

Plasmolysis

When a cell loses what?

A

When a cell loses water and shrinks

When it does that - it means that the solution surrounding the plant cell is HYPERtonic because it has a high concentration of solutes like salt.

A plant cells that loses water content and shrinking the cytoplasm and cell membrane AWAY from the cell wall.

51
Q

The name of the photosynthetic pigment is _________ and because it appears green, it ___________ the color green.

A

The name of the photosynthetic pigment is CHLOROPHYLL and because it appears green, it REFLECTS the color green.

52
Q

The chlorophyll extract must measure between 65%-85% in transmittance to be of appropriate concentration. If your extract shows a %T of 95%, is it too DILUTE or too CONCENTRATED?

A

DILUTE

53
Q

Before using the spectrophotometer, you must calibrate it with the clear solvent you are using in the activity.

When using the ABSORBANCE function, you must calibrate the machine to _________. and when using the % TRANSMITTANCE function, you calibrate the machine to ________.

A

Answer 1:
0

Answer 2:
100%

54
Q

Which of the following is a reactant of photosynthesis?
a. cellulose
b. carbon dioxide
c. glucose
d. oxygen

A

b. carbon dioxide

55
Q

Describe the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll

Two distinct what?

What color?

Chlorophyll reflects what color? And it is due to what absorption?

A

The absorption spectrum of chlorophyll shows distinct peaks in the blue and red visible light spectrum,

meaning that chlorophyll primarily absorbs blue and red wavelengths of light, while reflecting green wavelengths, which is why plants appear green to the human eye

Green light reflection:
Due to its low absorption of green wavelengths, chlorophyll reflects this color, making plants appear green.

Importance for photosynthesis:
The absorption of blue and red light by chlorophyll is crucial for the process of photosynthesis, as this absorbed energy is used to power the chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose.

55
Q

Which of the following will we be measuring to see if photosynthesis is occurring in Activity 2: Light Intensity and Photosynthesis?
a. absorption of light
b. production of oxygen
c. production of glucose
d. consumption of carbon dioxide

A

b. production of oxygen

56
Q

Explain how light intensity or distance from light source affects rate of photosynthesis.

A

The greater the light intensity, the more oxygen is produce (photosynthesis).

Increasing the light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis, provided plenty of carbon dioxide and water are available.

57
Q

What two gasses are present in the tube containing Elodea?

A

CO2 and O2 produced by the plant.

58
Q

What are the primary products of the light-dependent reaction (Light Reaction)?

A

O2
NADPH
ATP

59
Q

What are the primary products of the light-independent reaction (Calvin Cycle)?

A

NADP+
ADP
G3P
1 GLUCOSE

60
Q

What reaction is when water split to produce oxygen?

A

Light - dependent (light reactions)

61
Q

What reactants in photosynthesis is oxidized? (lose electrons)

A

H2O (Water)

62
Q

What reactants in photosynthesis is reduced? (gain electrons)

A

CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)

63
Q

Identify the color and its corresponding wavelength that is the “least” capable of stimulating photosynthesis. Explain why this color has little to no stimulating effect.

(look in your graph)

A

The lowest absorbance should be 550 nm.

The plant does not absorb much color of light, little energy

64
Q

What subatomic particle is absorbing light energy & being stored in the chemical bonds of glucose?

A

Electrons

65
Q

Identify the color and its corresponding wavelength that are the most capable of stimulating photosynthesis. regards to absorbance and transmittance, Explain why these color have the greatest influence.

A

Same wavelength

the reason these have the greatest influence is because plant absorbs energy from light stimulates photosynthesis

66
Q

what would you expect to happen to the rate of photosynthesis if you exposed a plant to an environment in which only green light was present? Explain

A

Because chlorophyll does not absorb green light, and because chlorophyll is the primary photosynthetic pigment, the plant would not absorb enough energy to stimulate photosynthesis.

67
Q

Write out the chemical equation for photosynthesis (know it)

Key points to remember:
This process occurs in the presence of sunlight, which is absorbed by chlorophyll in plant cells.

Photosynthesis is crucial for life on Earth as it produces the oxygen we breathe and the food that sustains most ecosystems.

A

Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + oxygen.

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Explanation:
6 CO2: Six molecules of carbon dioxide
6 H2O: Six molecules of water
C6 H12 O6: One molecule of glucose (a sugar)
6 O2: Six molecules of oxygen

68
Q

What color does phenol red turn when it detects an acid, such as when CO2 dissolves in water (H2O) to produce carbonic acid (H2CO3)?

Yellow or. Pink

A

Yellow

69
Q

Plants can perform BOTH photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

True
False

A

True

70
Q

Do plants perform more photosynthesis or cellular respiration in the dark?

Photosynthesis or. Cellular respiration

A

Cellular respiration

70
Q

Which of the following describes ANAEROBIC respiration?
a. Cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen
b. Cellular respiration in the presence of ethanol
c. Cellular respiration in the absence of oxygen
d. Cellular respiration in the absence of carbon dioxide

A

c. Cellular respiration in the absence of oxygen

71
Q

During cellular respiration, carbon dioxide is __________ . During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is ___________ .

A

During cellular respiration, carbon dioxide is RELEASED . During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is ABSORBED .

72
Q

What are the reactants or starting molecules for cellular respiration? Mark all that apply.

Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
Water
Ethanol
Glucose

A

Oxygen and Glucose

73
Q

What are the products of cellular respiration? Mark all that apply.

Sucrose
Glucose
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Water

A

Carbon Dioxide and Water

74
Q

What color does phenol red turn when it detects a base?

Yellow or. Pink

A

Pink

75
Q

What is the reactants and products of aerobic cellular respiration

A

the reactants are glucose and oxygen,

the products are carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

Explanation:

Reactants:
Glucose: A simple sugar molecule that serves as the primary energy source.
Oxygen: Necessary for the complete breakdown of glucose.

Products:
Carbon dioxide: A waste product released during the process.
Water: Another waste product formed during the reaction.
ATP: The primary energy molecule used by cells, generated through the process.

76
Q

What was the purpose of phenol red in this experiment?

A

pH indicator

77
Q

What was the color of the tube WITH THE PLANT in the LIGHT after the experiment? pink color

a. does it indicate acidic or basic solution?

b. explain the observed color change with respect to the change in CO2 concentration. was the plant performing cellular respiration or photosynthesis more?

A

pink

a. basic

b. performing photosynthesis, using CO2 there was a decrease in CO2 making the solution more basic

78
Q

Explain whether CO2 is released/produced or consumed/removed during photosynthesis and cellular respiration

A

Explanation:

Photosynthesis:
Plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose (sugar) and oxygen, effectively removing CO2 from the air.

Cellular Respiration:
Organisms like animals and plants break down glucose (sugar) using oxygen to produce energy, releasing carbon dioxide and water as byproducts.

79
Q

What color indicate acidic solution?

A

Yellow

80
Q

What color indicate basic solution?

A

pink

81
Q

What was the color of the tube WITH THE PLANT in the DARK after the experiment? Yellow

a. does it indicate acidic or basic solution?

b. explain the observed color change with respect to the change in CO2 concentration. was the plant performing cellular respiration or photosynthesis more?

A

Yellow

a. Acidic

b. performing cellular respiration, occurs faster than the rate of photosynthesis.

82
Q

The two products of cell respiration (known as aerobic respiration) are carbon dioxide and water. As an Animal, you release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. What do Plants do with this carbon dioxide?

A

Plants absorb CO2 (carbon dioxide) for photosynthesis to make glucose.

83
Q

Distinguish between aerobic respiration anaerobic respiration and fermentation

A

Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to produce energy

Anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen

[Example scenarios:]

Aerobic respiration:
When you run a marathon, your muscles primarily use aerobic respiration to generate energy from oxygen.

Anaerobic respiration:
When you sprint quickly, your muscles switch to anaerobic respiration, producing lactic acid as a byproduct due to the lack of sufficient oxygen.

Fermentation:
Yeast converting sugar into alcohol during winemaking is an example of fermentation.

84
Q

What is the gas produced by yeast that is being measured?

A

CO2 (carbon dioxide)

85
Q

What is the relationship between the amount of gas produced in the respirometer and the rate of yeast fermentation?

Is it inversely or directly proprtional ?

A

more CO2, more fermentation

directly proportional

86
Q

Yeast are microbes that provides the (energy / enzymes) [circle one] needed to break down sugars in the process of (alcohol / lactic acid) [circle on] fermentation.

This happens in an ( aerobic / anaerobic ) [circle one] environment with the final products produced being (CO2 and ethanol / lactic acid) [circle one]

A

Enzyme

Lactic acid

Anaerobic

CO2 and ethanol

87
Q

Describe the relationship between exercise, pulse rate, rate of cellular respiration and amount of CO2 produced.

A

As exercise intensity increases, pulse rate increases, exercise increases the rate of cellular respiration.
Oxygen promotes cellular respiration is produced
Our body increase the rate and depth of breathing, expelling excess carbon dioxide and bringing in more oxygen.

[Explanation]
Increased muscle activity:
During exercise, muscles need more energy (ATP) which is produced through cellular respiration, requiring more oxygen and generating more CO2 as a byproduct.

Pulse rate elevation:
To deliver this increased oxygen to muscles, the heart rate (pulse rate) increases, allowing for faster blood circulation.

Faster breathing rate:
The body compensates for the higher CO2 levels by increasing the rate and depth of breathing to expel the excess CO2.

88
Q

how do we test whether water passed through the membrane?

A

weight change of the bag

89
Q

Which solute(s) (glucose, starch, iodine) were able to pass through the membrane?

A

glucose and iodine

90
Q

why did these solutes pass through the membrane and not the others?

A

because they are smaller in size

91
Q

Can both osmosis and dialysis occur at the same time across the membrane?

A

yes

92
Q

how do we test whether starch passed through the membrane?

A

Iodine

93
Q

Which structure of organelle is most affected by plasmolysis?

A

Central vacuole

94
Q

Explain how concentration of sugar and temperature affects yeasts rate of fermentation

A

Higher sugar concentration leads to a faster fermentation rate

95
Q

Which part of the microscope do you look through to see a magnified image?

A

eyepiece or ocular lens

96
Q

If you are looking through an eyepiece with 10x magnification, and the objective lens you’re using is 40x magnification, what is the total magnification of the image?

A

400x

(explanation)
If you are using a 10x eyepiece and a 40x objective lens, the total magnification of the image would be 400x.
Explanation: To calculate the total magnification, you multiply the magnification of the eyepiece by the magnification of the objective lens: 10x * 40x = 400x.

97
Q

Identify the colors-what is the most Capable stimulating photosynthesis with regards to absorbance and transmittance. Why does it have the greatest influence.

A

Great influence because energy from the light that plants absorbs stimulates photosynthesis

98
Q

Least capable - of stimulating photosynthesis. Explain why little to no stimulating effect?

Hint: plant does not what?

A

Plants does not absorb much of this color and light

Green light does not stimulate photosynthesis

99
Q

If you Only expose plant to green light, what will happen to the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Chlorophyll does not absorb green light

Chlorophyll is the primary photosynthesis pigment

Plants will not be able to absorb enough energy to stimulate photosynthesis

100
Q

Why did we use a tube containing the plant and other tube with no plant to test?

A

Because we would not know how much of gas would produce due to oxygen or due to CO2

BIO 105 (6 decks)

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