BIO Set #2: Ch 3-4 Cell/Membranes/Photosynthesis/Cell Respiration Flashcards
What is Prokaryotic? What do they have?
Do not have a Nucleus
Do not have Membrane-bound organelles
Single cell organisms
Smaller and Simple
Where is Prokaryotic cell found in?
Bacteria and Archaea
What is Eukaryotic cells? What do they have?
Have a Nucleus
Have Membrane-bound organelles
Larger than Prokaryotic cell and complex
Where is Eukaryotic cell found in? List 4
Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists
What 3 structures are common to all living cells?
- DNA
- Plasma Membrane
- Ribosomes
Identify the “fluid” of a Eukaryotic cell
The “fluid” of a eukaryotic cell is called CYTOPLASM
The gel-like liquid within the cytoplasm is referred to as cytosol
(Cytoplasm, a jelly-like fluid, surrounds the organelles and the cell’s nucleus)
Identify 3 structures found in plant but not in animal cells.
- Chloroplast
- Cell wall
- Large Central Vacuole
Cytoplasm
The region between the nuclear membrane and the plasma membrane.
(As you leave the nucleus, you find yourself in the cytoplasm , the region between the cell membrane and the nucleus)
List in the correct order the movement of a “protein” via the endomembrane system (the organelles involved) that’s going
to leave the cell.
-Endomembrane system:
Nuclear Envelope → Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) → Transport vesicles → Golgi Apparatus → Secretory Vesicles → Plasma membrane (or lysosomes or vacuoles)
Note:
Protein moves through the Endomembrane system (Nuclear envelope)
1) protein made it to Rough ER - synthesizes protein. 2) Protein packaged into transport vesicle. 3) Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages protein into secretory vesicle. 4) plasma membrane
Explains:
Rough ER: This is where most proteins are initially made, like building blocks on a construction site.
Vesicles: Tiny bubbles that carry the protein from the ER to the Golgi.
Golgi apparatus: This is where the protein gets further modified and “labeled” for where it needs to go in the cell.
How are chloroplast and mitochondria similar?
Chloroplast involves in photosynthesis and gets their energy from where and what does it convert to?
Mitochondria use oxygen to break down and generate what?
Chloroplasts and mitochondria are similar because:
- both are double-membrane bound organelles that contain their own DNA
- ribosomes
- and are capable of producing energy for the cell
Note -
Function:
Chloroplasts are specifically involved in photosynthesis, using SUNLIGHT to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose,
Mitochondria use oxygen to break down glucose and generate ATP.
Location:
Chloroplasts are only found in plant cells, while mitochondria are present in almost all eukaryotic cells.
What evidence supports the theory that chloroplast and mitochondria are evolved prokaryotic organisms?
-The endosymbiotic theory states that some of the organelles in eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes.
-Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the same size as prokaryotic cells and divide by binary fission.
-Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA which is circular, not linear
Note:
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA, which is similar to the DNA of Bacteria.
[A Bacteria prokaryote, has circular DNA, as do mitochondria and chloroplasts. This provides support for the Endosymbiotic Theory, which states that the mitochondria and chloroplast in eukaryotic cells were once aerobic bacteria (prokaryote) that were ingested by a large anaerobic bacteria (prokaryote)].
LIST all the Membrane Bound Organelles and their functions:
Can Everyone Please Get Low Very Very Mindfully Chic
A) cytosol jelly-like matrix + organelles
-organelles may be membrane-bound or non-membrane bound
B) Endoplasmic reticulum membrane-bound flattened sheets/ sacs
continuous from nuclear membrane to cell membrane move material throughout cytoplasm, store enzymes & proteins-site of ribosome attachment
a). Rough-er with ribosomes attached
-protein synthesis
b). Smooth-er –no ribosomes attached
-lipid production-calcium ion storage
-detoxification of organic molecules
C) Golgi Apparatus: physically& functionally associated with ER-sorts packages & secretes proteins & lipids
-protein concentration, modification, sorting-package proteins into secretory vesicles-produce lysosomes
-D) Lysomes -spherical organelle
-contain enzymes synthesized within ER packaged in Golgi-fuse with food vacuoles, enzymes for digestion
-can be part of cell’s self destruct system
-E) peroxisomes -manufacture hydrogen peroxide used to destroy invading microbes
-also have enzymes for breaking down fatty acids & making cholesterol (membrane synthesis &hormones)
-E) Vacuoles -differing sizes, Bshapes, purposes
-contractile vacuole collect h2o for removal from cell (water vacuole)-food vacuole-waste vacuole
-F) Vesicles -smaller than vacuoles
-enzymes/secretory products
-G) Mitochondria -power generators
-double membrane bound-spherical to elongate-inner membrane larger than outer, folded in itself: partitions (cristae) increase SA on which ATP can be produced contain ribosomes, dna-space between two membranes called matrix-multiply when cell requires more energy
-H) Chloroplast plants/ single celled E-contain green pigment chlorophyll-one to 100s depending upon cell size
-light energy-chemical energy (sugars)
-own ribosomes & DNA & can replicate when energy needs increasing
LIST NON-membrane bound organelles and their functions:
Remember Center Nuclear
-A) Ribsomes -important in protein synthesis
-equal protien & ribosomal RNA
-Free or attached to ER
-B) Centrioles, microtubule-organizing centers/ centrosomes
-found near membrane
-duplicated prior to cell division
-move chromosomes during cell division
-found in most animal cells (except neurons) but not in plant cells
-C) Nucleus -cells information centerstores cells entire genetic codedirects chemical reactions
-nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm(jelly matrix), chromosomes, nucleolus
Movement of molecules within a cell, and from inside of a cell to the outside of cell.
There are 3 movements:
diffusion, osmosis, and active transport;
Explanation:
(where diffusion and osmosis are considered passive transport (no energy required) and active transport requires energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient.)
Simple Diffusion
The movement of smaller molecules, substances, particles from an area of HIGH CONCENTRATION to LOW CONCENTRATION.
Dialysis
The movement of ______________ through ___________________
The movement of a substance from a high concentration to an area of low concentration through a semipermeable membrane
How do cell move (list three forms of locomotion)?
1) Flagella -
-2) Cilia -
-3) Pseudopodia - Amoeba
Note:
[1) Amoeba movement (using pseudopodia)
2) Ciliary movement - (with hair-like Cilia)
3) Flagellar movement - (A single, longer whip-like flagellum propels the cell forward by rotating and creating a wave-like motion. Sperm cells use flagellar movement to swim.)]
Osmosis (osmotic pressure)
The water moves from a high concentration to low concentration, through a selectively permeable membranes.
Passive Transport
substances move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without energy input.
Facilitated Diffusion
type of passive transport which uses to transport proteins.
Active Transport
The movement of molecules (small or large) across the plasma membrane against the concentration in which energy (ATP) is required.
What is in a solution?
solute + solvent = solution
NaCI + H2O = salt water
A solute is a substance dissolved in another substance, known as a solvent.
What happens with ANIMAL CELLS (like blood cells) placed into hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solution?
- HyPOtonic solution: Animal cells placed into a hypotonic solution will HEMOLYSIS (EXPLODE).
a). A solution with a greater solute concentration compared to
another solution. - HyPERtonic: Animal cells placed into a hypertonic solution will CRENATE (SHRIVEL).
b) A solution with a lower solute concentration compared to
another solution - Isotonic: Remain in Normal state
c) A solution with an equal solute concentration compared to
another solution.
What is hemolysis and crenation?
-Hemolysis: when cell explodes
-Crenation: when cell shrivels
What happens with a PLANT placed into a hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solution?
-HyPOtonic: Firmness or tension (central vacuole full) found in plant cells (cell wall) that are in a hypotonic environment is called TURGID.
-HyPERtonic: When the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall (due central vacuole emptying) in a hypertonic environment (loss of water) this is called PLASMOLYSIS.
-Isotonic: Cell will remain normal
Turgid
Refers to cells or tissues that are swollen from water uptake.
Turgor Pressure
Swelling of the vacuole, creating a pressure on the walls of the cell
Plasmolysis
When a cell loses what?
When a cell loses water and shrinks
When it does that - it means that the solution surrounding the plant cell is HYPERtonic because it has a high concentration of solutes like salt.
A plant cells that loses water content and shrinking the cytoplasm and cell membrane AWAY from the cell wall.
Is simple diffusion, dialysis, and osmosis active or passive diffusion and why?
-A) Simple diffusion: Passive because it does not require energy
-B) Dialysis: Passive because it does not require energy
-C) Osmosis: Passive because it does not require energy
NO energy ATP is expended
What is it called when ions move against their concentration gradient?
Active Transport
Endocytosis
The energy requiring movement of particles (foreign or natural) into the cell.
What type of diffusion is utilized when ATP Synthase is used?
Facilitated diffusion (osmosis)
What is phagocytosis? Is it passive or active transport?
- cell eating
-endomembrane system - white blood cells & Amoebas
They are Active transport.
