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MCAT > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Tenets of the cell theory (4)

A
  1. all living things are composed of cells
  2. the basic functional unit of life
  3. arise only from preexisting cells
  4. carry genetic information in the form of DNA that is passed onto daughter cells
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2
Q

Are viruses considered living?

A
  • No.

- acellular, cannot reproduce without host, may use RNA as genetic material

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3
Q

Eukaryote

A

organism with membrane-bound organelle, a nucleus, potentially multicellular

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4
Q

Prokaryote

A

organism without membrane-bound organelles; contain genetic material in circular DNA molecule in nucleoid region

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5
Q

Cytosol

A

suspends organelles to allow for diffusion of molecules

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6
Q

What organelles do prokaryotes and eukaryotes share? (3)

A

Ribosomes, cytosol, plasma membrane

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7
Q

Nucleus

A

the eukaryotic membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell’s chromosomes

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8
Q

Chromosome

A

a filamentous body found within the nucleus or nuceloid; contains DNA

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9
Q

Nuclear Membrane

A

double membrane enveloping the nucleus, interrupted periodically by pores; eukaryote only

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10
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

small hole in nuclear membrane that allows for exchange of material between cytoplasm and nucleus

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11
Q

Nucleolus

A

dense body visible in a nondividing nucleus; site of ribosomal RNA synthesis

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12
Q

Mitochondria

A

membrane-bound cellular organelles in which the reactions of aerobic respiration and ATP synthesis occur

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13
Q

apoptosis

A

process by which a cell undergoes programmed cell death in a highly organized manner in response to either external or internal signals

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14
Q

Lysosome

A

membrane bound organelle that stores hydrolytic enzymes

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15
Q

Rough ER

A

Portion of the ER with ribosomes attached to the outer surface; site of protein synthesis for proteins destined to be membrane-bound or secreted

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16
Q

Smooth ER

A

Portion of the ER that lacks ribosomes on the surface; location of lipid synthesis and detoxification of drugs and proteins

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17
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Organelle that plays a role in the packaging and secretion of proteins and other molecules produced intracellularly

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18
Q

Peroxisome

A

Organelle that contains hydrogen peroxide and parcipitates in the breakdown of very long chain fatty acids

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19
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

provides stability and rigidity to the overall structure of the cell while also providing transport pathways for molecules within the cell

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20
Q

Cytoskeleton composition (3)

A
  • Microfilaments
  • Microtubules
  • Intermediate Filaments
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21
Q

Microfilaments

A
  • Composed of actin
  • Structural support
  • Muscle contraction through actin
  • cleavage furrow during cytokinesis in mitosis
22
Q

Microtubules

A
  • composed of tubulin
  • pathway for kinesin and dynein
  • cilia and flagella structure
23
Q

Centrioles

A

cytoplasm organelle that organizes mitotic spindle

24
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

involved in cell-cell adhesion and maintenance of cytoskeleton integrity

25
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

cover the body and line cavities; first line of protection

26
Q

Parenchyma

A

Functional part of the organ; epithelial component

27
Q

Connective Tissue

A

support the body and provide framework for epithelial cells

-bone, cartilage, adipose tissue, blood

28
Q

Archaea (prokaryote) Characteristics

A
  • extremophiles

- similar to bacteria and eukaryotes

29
Q

Bacteria

A

mutualistic symbiosis and pathogenesis with humans

30
Q

cocci bacteria

A

spherical

31
Q

rod bacteria

A

bacilli

32
Q

spiral bacteria

A

spirilli

33
Q

Obligate aerobes (bacteria)

A

require oxygen

34
Q

Obligate anaerobes (bacteria)

A

cannot survive in oxygen; anaerobic metabolism

35
Q

Facultative anaerobes (bacteria)

A

can survive with or without oxygen

36
Q

Aerotoleratnt anaerobes (bacteria)

A

can survive in oxygen but cannot use it for metabolism

37
Q

Gram Stain

A

process to measure peptidoglycan in bacteria

38
Q

Gram positive

A

stains purple;thick cell wall (peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid)

39
Q

Gram negative

A

stains pink; thin cell wall (phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides)

40
Q

Chemotaxis

A

process by which bacteria that move in response to chemical stimuli

41
Q

Binary fission

A

chromosomes replicates while the cell grows in size, until the cell wall grows inward and splits the two

42
Q

Virus components

A

genetic material, capsid, lipid containing envelope (sometimes)

43
Q

Viral infection

A
  • attach to receptors

- brought in by fusing with membrane, endocytosis, injecting genome

44
Q

Viral reproduction

A

replicates and translates genetic material using ribosomes, tRNA, amino acids, enzymes of host cell

45
Q

Viral progeny release

A

cell death, lysis, extrusion

46
Q

Bacterial genetic recombination

A
  • transformation
  • conjugation
  • transduction
  • transposons
47
Q

Bacterial growth stages

A

log–lag–stationary–death

48
Q

Plasmid

A

small circular ring of extrachromosomal DNA found in bacteria

49
Q

Episomes

A

a specialized subset of plasmids capable of integrating into the genome of bacteria under specific circumstances

50
Q

Transformation

A

Uptake and incorportation of DNA from the environment by a recipient bacterial cell

51
Q

Conjugation

A

the temporary joining of two organisms via a pilus; through which genetic material is exchanged; form of sexual reproduction used by bacteria

52
Q

Transduction

A

the transposition of genetic material from one organism to another by a virus

MCAT (6 decks)

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