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MCAT > Behavioural Sciences > Flashcards

Behavioural Sciences Flashcards

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1
Q

Where does the parasympathetic nervous system synapse, and what neurotransmitter does it use?

A

Close to the target organ

Acetylcholine is used at both synapses

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2
Q

Where does the sympathetic nervous system synapse, and what neurotransmitter does it use?

A

Near the spine between T1 and L2/L3

Preganglionic neurons release ACh and postganglionic release norepinephrine

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3
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Breathing, heart rate, blood pressure (vital functions)

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4
Q

Pons

A

Primarily relay of sensory and motor information

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5
Q

Cerebellum

A

Posture, balance, coordinates body movements

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6
Q

Bumps on the back of the midbrain:

A

Superior colliculi: visual sensory info relay

Inferior colliculi: auditory sensory info relay

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7
Q

Telencephalon

A

Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system

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8
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland, pineal gland

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9
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay for all senses except smell

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10
Q

Extrapyramidal motor system

A

Gathers information about body position (proprioception) and carries to CNS

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11
Q

Septal Nuclei (limbic system)

A

One of the primary pleasure centres in the brain

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12
Q

Amygdala

A

Aggressive behaviour, fear and rage

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13
Q

Hippocampus

A

Learning and memory, long term memory consolidation

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14
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Manages executive function, supervises processes involved with perception, memory, emotion, impulse control, and long-term planning

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15
Q

Association area

A

Integrates inputs from diverse brain regions

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16
Q

Projection areas

A

Sensory processing areas

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17
Q

Broca’s area

A

Speech production (frontal lobe)

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18
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Language comprehension (temporal lobe)

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19
Q

Catecholamines

A

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine - synthesized from tyrosine

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20
Q

Neurulation

A
  • Begins at 3-4 weeks’ gestational age
  • ectoderm overlaying the notochords begins to furrow - forms a neural groove surrounded by two neural folds, furrow closes and forms the neural tube (becomes the CNS)
    alar plate become sensory neurons
    basal plate becomes motor neurons
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21
Q

Endoderm

A

The lining of the digestive tract (epithelial cells), lungs, urinary bladder, stomach, colon, liver, pancreas

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22
Q

Mesoderm

A

Skeletal muscle, bones, circulatory system, connective tissue, adipose tissue, dermis

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23
Q

Ectoderm

A

CNS, PNS, epidermis, hair, nails, lens of the eye

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24
Q

Rooting reflex

A

Infant turning of the head toward a stimulus that touches its cheek

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25
Q

Moro reflex

A

Infants react to abrupt movements of the head by flinging out their arms, then slowly retracting their arms and crying - normally gone by 4 months

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26
Q

Babinski reflex

A

Toes spread apart when sole of foot is stimulated

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27
Q

Weber’s law

A

States that there is a constant ratio between the change in stimulus magnitude needed to produce a jnd (just noticeable difference) and the magnitude of the original stimulus
A ratio/percent rather than a numerical value (jnd)

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28
Q

Catch trial

A

Signal is presented

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29
Q

Noise trial

A

Signal is not presented

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30
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Minimum intensity of a stimulus we can sense (not necessarily perceive)

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31
Q

Pathway light travels through the eye

A

Cornea (focuses light) - anterior chamber - iris - posterior chamber - lens - vitreous humour - retina

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32
Q

Optic chiasm

A

Nasal optic nerve fibers cross, lateral fibers continue and meet up with decussated nasal fibers to form the optic tract

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33
Q

Visual pathway

A

Optic nerve - optic chiasm - optic tract - Lateral Geniculate Nucleus of Thalamus - visual cortex
- also inputs to superior colliculus

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34
Q

Parvocellular cells

A

Detect shape, have very high colour spatial resolution

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35
Q

Magnocellular cells

A

Detect motion, have high temporal resolution

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36
Q

Pathway of sound (ear structures)

A

Pinna (auricle) - external auditory canal - tympanic membrane (eardrum) - ossicles (malleus [hammer], incus [anvil], stapes [stirrup]) - oval window or round window - membranous labyrinth (cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals)

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37
Q

Vestibule

A

Utricle and saccule are sensitive to linear acceleration

Detected by hair cells covered in otoliths that resist motion as body accelerates - bending - signal

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38
Q

Semicircular canals

A

Sensitive to rotational acceleration, sensed in the ampulla by hair cells

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39
Q

Hearing

A

Organ of corti bathed in endolymph and composed of thousands of hair cells sense vibrations and relay signal to brainstem via vestibulocochlear nerve
Ascend to medial geniculate nucleus then to auditory cortex - or superior olive (sound localization) - or inferior colliculus (startle reflex)

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40
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

Respond to deep pressure and vibration (fires when pressure is first administered and when it is removed)

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41
Q

Meissner corpuscles

A

Respond to light touch (fire when touch is first administered and when it is removed)

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42
Q

Merkle discs

A

Respond to deep pressure and texture (fire to constant pressure)

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43
Q

Ruffini endings

A

Respond to stretch (fire to constant pressure)

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44
Q

Free nerve endings

A

Respond to pain and temperature

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45
Q

Gate theory of pain

A

Proposes that there is a special “gating” mechanism that can turn pain signals on or off, affecting whether or not we perceive pain
Spinal cord can preferentially forward signals from other modalities (pressure, temp)

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46
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Change over time in responsiveness to the sensory system to a constant stimulus

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47
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

Object recognition by parallel processing and feature detection, first time we experience something (we don’t have anything to compare it to)

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48
Q

Top-down processing

A

Driven by memories and expectations, allows us to quickly recognize objects without recognizing their specific parts

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49
Q

Gestalt principle

a) law of proximity
b) law of similarity
c) law of good continuation
d) subjective contours
e) closure

A

There are ways for the brain to infer missing parts of a picture when a picture is incomplete

a) law of proximity: elements close to one another tend to be perceived as a unit
b) law of similarity: objects that are similar tend to be grouped together
c) law of good continuation: objects that appear to follow the same path tend to be grouped together
d) subjective contours: perceiving contours and, therefore, shapes that are not actually present in the stimulus
e) closure: when a space is enclosed by a contour it tends to be perceived as a compete figure

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50
Q

Law of prägnanz

A

Perceptual organization will always be regular, simple, and symmetrical as possible

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51
Q

Habituation

A

A decrease in response due to continued exposure to a stimulus

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52
Q

Dishabituation

A

Temporary recovery of a response to the original stimulus due to a second stimulus

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53
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

Normally neutral stimulus that, through association, now causes a reflexive response called a conditioned response
ex. the bell in Pavlov’s experience became a conditioned stimulus, salivating the conditioned response

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54
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Taking advantage of a reflexive, unconditioned stimulus to turn a neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus

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55
Q

Generalization

A

A broadening effect, by which a stimulus similar enough to the conditioned stimulus can also produce the conditioned response

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56
Q

Discrimination

A

Organism learns to distinguish between two similar stimuli

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57
Q

Operant Conditioning

a) positive reinforcers
b) negative reinforcers

A

operant conditioning - links voluntary behaviours with consequences - BF Skinner (behaviourism)

a) positive reinforcers: increase a behaviour by adding a positive consequence (ex. money)
b) negative reinforcers: increase the frequency of a behaviour by removing something unpleasant

reinforcements always increase the frequency of the behaviour

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58
Q

Escape learning

A

Role of behaviour is to reduce the unpleasantness of something that already exists (ex. taking an aspirin), a negative reinforcer

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59
Q

Avoidance learning

A

Prevent the unpleasantness of the something that is yet to happen, negative reinforcer

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60
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

A naturally positive reinforcer (ex. a dolphin getting a fish)

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61
Q

Secondary reinforcer

A

A conditioned reinforcer (ex. clicker now associated with the dolphin getting a fish)

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62
Q

Operant conditioning

a) positive punishment
b) negative punishment

A

a) adds an unpleasant consequence in response to a behaviour to reduce that behaviour (ex. arrest for stealing)
b) reduction of a behaviour when a stimulus is removed, ie. something enjoyable is taken away (ex. privilege of tv is taken away to prevent a behaviour)

punishments are always to prevent a behaviour

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63
Q

Variable-ratio schedule

A

Reinforce a behaviour after a varying # of performances of the behaviour

  • works the fastest (compared to fixed-ratio, fixed-interval, or variable-interval)
  • also most resistant to extinction
  • Very Rapid and Very Resistant to extinction
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64
Q

Shaping

A

Process of rewarding increasingly specific behaviours (building up to a more complex task)

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65
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning that occurs without a reward, but that is spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is introduced

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66
Q

a) Preparedness

b) Instinctive drift

A

a) preparedness: an organisms predisposition to certain behaviours that make them easier to condition
b) instinctive drift: the opposite, the difficulty in overcoming instinctual behaviours (trying to get a racoon to put money in a piggie bank)

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67
Q

Mirror neurons

A

Located in the frontal and parietal lobe, fire when one performs an action OR watches someone else perform the same action, connected with observational learning

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68
Q

Controlled processing vs. Automatic processing

A

Controlled processing = effortful (like studying, flashcards, notes, etc)

Automatic processing = just going about regular day, what one notices

Both associated with encoding memories

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69
Q

Self-reference effect

A

We tend to recall information best when we put it into context of our own lives
A form of semantic encoding (putting info into a meaningful context)

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70
Q

Memory techniques

a) mnemonics
b) method of loci
c) peg-word
d) chunking

A

a) mnemonics - rhyming, acronyms
b) method of loci - assigning an item to a location (walking through house each room has an item of grocery list)
c) list that is then associated with items to be memorized
d) organize into meaningful chunks

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71
Q

Short term memory

A

Usually only lasts ~30 seconds unless attended to, 7 plus or minus 2 rule

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72
Q

Working memory

A

Used to do things like math in our heads

Few pieces of info in our conscience simultaneously

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73
Q

Elaborative rehearsal

A

Association of new information with previously stored information, way of adding something to long-term memory

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74
Q

Implicit memory vs. Explicit memory

A

Implicit memory: procedural or non-declarative, skills and conditioned responses
Explicit memory: declarative memories, divided into semantic (facts) and episodic

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75
Q

Spacing effect

A

Information is retained better if there is a longer period of time between sessions or relearning

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76
Q

Priming

A

Recall is aided by being presented with a word or phrase that is close to the desired semantic memory

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77
Q

Context effect vs. State-dependent memory

A

memory is aided by being in the physical location where encoding took place

remember things better when in the same mental state as when they were encoded (ex. intoxicated)

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78
Q

Serial position effect

A

More likely to remember the first (primacy effect) and last items on a list (recency effect)

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79
Q

Confabulation

A

process of creating vivid but fabricated memories

a symptom of Korsakoff’s syndrome along with retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia

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80
Q

Proactive interference vs. Retroactive interference

A

proactive interference: old information is interfering with new learning

retroactive interference: new information causes forgetting of old information

(it is what is forgotten that/ interfered with that describes it)

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81
Q

Prospective memory

A

Remembering to perform a task at some point in the future, elderly people have the most trouble with this type of task

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82
Q

Source amnesia

A

Forgetting where the memory came from (might be someone else’s story viewed as ones own)

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83
Q

Synaptic pruning

A

As we grow older, weak neural connections are broken while strong ones are bolstered

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84
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

Process by which repeated stimulation of a neuron causes a stronger synaptic connection, receptor sites on the post-synaptic neuron increase, such as the process of how we learn

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85
Q

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

a) sensorimotor
b) preoperational
c) concrete operational
d) formal operational

A

Sensorimotor stage

0 to ~2 years
learn to manipulate environment in order to meet needs
stage ends with development of object permanence (beginning of representational thought)

Preoperational stage

~2 to ~7 years
symbolic thinking - ability to pretend
egocentism - inability to imagine what another person may think or feel
centration - tendency to focus on only one aspect of a phenomenon (ex. same quantity of pizza on two plates, but one is cut in two, child will take the one with two)

Concrete operational stage

7 to 11

  • concrete thinking
  • can consider perspective of others

Formal operational stage

starts at 11
- ability to think logically about abstract ideas

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86
Q

Adaptation

A

Process by which Piaget thought new information was processed
New information is placed into new schemata
Occurs through assimilation (classifying new info into existing schemata) or accommodation (modifying existing schemata to encompass the new info)

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87
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

Problem solving, peaks in early adulthood

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88
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

Learned skills and knowledge, peaks in late middle adulthood

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89
Q

Delirium

A

Rapid fluctuation in cognitive function that is reversible and caused by medical causes (nonpsychological) ex. low pH, infection, low blood sugar, etc

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90
Q

Mental set

A

The tendency to approach problems in the same way, framework for thinking about a problem

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91
Q

Functional fixedness

A

The inability to consider to use an object in a nontraditional manner

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92
Q

Deductive (top-down) reasoning

A

Deducing from a set of general rules and drawing conclusions from the information given, formal logic, conclusion is certain

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93
Q

Inductive (bottom-up) reasoning

A

Seeks to create a theory via generalizations, conclusion is probable

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94
Q

Heuristics

A

Rules of thumb

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95
Q

Base rate fallacy

A

Using prototypical or stereotypical factors while ignoring actual numerical information

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96
Q

Disconfirmation principle

A

When a potential solution to a problem fails during testing, it should be discarded, sometimes confirmation bias prevent one from doing so

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97
Q

Sleep stages and EEG waves associated

A

Complete cycle of stages lasts ~ 90 minutes
Stage 1: theta waves
Stage 2: theta waves, sleep spindles, and k complexes
Stage 3 and 4: delta waves - slow wave sleep (associated with cognitive recovery, memory consolidation [declarative], and increased GH release) - predominates at the beginning of the night
REM: predominates later in the night

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98
Q

Dreams & Theories

a) activation-synthesis theory
b) problem-solving dream theory
c) cognitive process dream theory

A

70% of dreams occur during REM

a) activation-synthesis theory: dreams caused by widespread, random activation of neural circuitry - can mimic incoming sensory info, access memories/desires
b) problem-solving dream theory: dreams are a way to solve problems while asleep
c) Cognitive process dream theory: dreams are the sleeping counterpart of consciousness

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99
Q

Dyssomnias:
Insomnia:
Narcolepsy:
Sleep Apnea:

A

Dyssomnias: disorders that make it difficult to fall asleep, stay asleep, or avoid sleep
Insomnia: difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep
Narcolepsy: lack of voluntary control over sleep onset (symptoms: cataplexy [loss of muscle control and sudden REM during waking hours], sleep paralysis, hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations [hallucinations when going to sleep or awakening]
Sleep Apnea: inability to breath during sleep

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100
Q

Parasomnias:

include?

A

Parasomnias: abnormal movements or behaviours during sleep

night terrors and sleep walking

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101
Q

Sleep deprivation

A

Can occur after just one night of no sleep or from many nights of poor quality sleep, when permitted to sleep normally after sleep deprivation will exhibit REM rebound, earlier onset and greater duration of REM sleep

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102
Q

Benzos, barbiturates, alcohol

A

All depressants, increase GABA activity causing hyperpolarization of neurons via chloride channel activation

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103
Q

Amphetamines

A

Cause increased release of dopamine, NE, and serotonin at the synapse and decrease their reuptake

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104
Q

Cocaine

A

Decreases reuptake of dopamine, NE, and serotonin, anesthetic and vasoconstrictive properties

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105
Q

Opiates vs opioids

A 
Opiates = naturally occurring (morphine and codeine)
Opioids = semisynthetic derivatives (oxycodone, hydrocodone, heroin)

Bind opioid receptors in peripheral and CNS causing decreased rxn to pain & sense of euphoria

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106
Q

Marijuana

A

THC binds cannabinoid receptors, glycine receptors, and opioid receptors
Increases GABA activity and dopamine activity
Stimulant, depressant, and hallucinogen

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107
Q

Drug addiction - mesolimbic reward pathway

A

Include nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, medial forebrain bundle, dopaminergic pathway

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108
Q

Cocktail party phenomenon

A

When engaged in a convo, if we hear our name mentioned across the room we somehow perk up
Defines selective attention: we pay attention to one thing while other stimulus is processed in the background
Only if important is it brought to our attention

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109
Q 
Phonology:
Morphology:
Semantics:
Syntax:
Pragmatics:
A

Phonology: actual sound of language - phonemes (categorical perception - separating phonemes from other sounds)
Morphology: structure of words (morphemes - building blocks
Semantics: association of meaning with a word
Syntax: how words are put together to form sentences
Pragmatics: dependence of language on context and pre-existing knowledge (prosody - rhythm, cadence, inflection)

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110
Q 
Language development:
9 to 12 months:
12 to 18 months:
18 to 20 months:
2 to 3 years:
5 years:
A

9 to 12 months: babbling
12 to 18 months: about one word per month
18 to 20 months: “explosion of language” and combining words
2 to 3 years: longer sentences (3 words or more)
5 years: language rules largely mastered

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111
Q

Language development theories
Nativist (biological) Theory:
Learning (behaviourist) Theory:
Social Interactionist Theory:

A

Nativist (biological) Theory: existence of some innate capacity for language, believe in critical period for language acquisition b/w 2 years and puberty
Learning (behaviourist) Theory: operant conditioning through reinforcement of proper phoneme usage
Social Interactionist Theory: language acquisition is driven by the child’s desire to communicate

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112
Q

Whorfian hypothesis or linguistic relativity hypothesis

A

Suggests that our perception of reality - the way we think about the world - is determined by the content of language

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113
Q

Broca’s aphasia:
Wernicke’s aphasia:
Conduction aphasia:

A

Broca’s aphasia: inability to produce spoken language - telegraphed speech - aware their speech is lacking
Wernicke’s aphasia: unaware their speech is lacking (agnosia), paraphasia, word salad
Conductive aphasia: severing of arcuate fasciculus - can produce and comprehend language, but cannot repeat back or read out loud

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114
Q

Instinct theory

A

Theory of motivation in which humans are driven to do certain behaviours based on evolutionarily programmed instincts (instinct - innate, fixed pattern of behaviour in response to stimuli. It may be consistent throughout life, or it may appear or disappear with time)

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115
Q

Arousal theory

A

Theory of motivation that postulates that people perform actions in order to maintain an optimum level of arousal
Viewed as a curve, in which too much or too little arousal reflects poorly on performance

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116
Q

Drive reduction theory

A

Theory of motivation that postulates that motivations is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states

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117
Q

Primary drives vs secondary drives

A

Primary drives are those that motivate us to sustain necessary biological processes. Secondary drives are those that motivate us to fulfill nonbiological (usually emotional) desires

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118
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

Graph of arousal theory, in which optimal performance is based on arousal of not too much or too little

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119
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (5)

A

1) Physiological: food, water, sex, etc,
2) Safety: security of body, employment, morality, family, health, property
3) Love/belonging: friendship, family, sexual intimacy
4) Esteem: self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others
5) Self-actualization: morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem-solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts

Achieved in order

120
Q

Self-determination theory

A

Another needs based theory of motivation

1) autonomy: the need to be in control of one’s actions and ideas
2) competence: need to complete and excel at difficult tasks
3) relatedness: need to feel accepted and wanted in relationships

121
Q

4 primary factors that influence motivation

A

1) instincts: innate fixed patterns of behaviour in response to stimuli
2) arousals: physiological and psychological state of being awake
3) drives: internal states of tension that activate particular behaviours focused on goals
4) needs: either Maslow’s hierarchy or self-determination theory

122
Q

Incentive theory

A

Theory of motivation based on gaining rewards and avoiding punishments

123
Q

Expectancy-value theory

A

Amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of both the individual’s expectation of success in reaching the goal and the degree to which they value succeeding

124
Q

Opponent-process theory

A

Theory of motivation that explains continuous drug use, when a drug is taken repeatedly, the body will attempt to counteract the effects of the drug by changing its physiology

125
Q

Three elements of emotion:

A

1) physiological response
2) behavioural response (facial expression, body language)
3) cognitive response: subjective interpretation of the feeling being experienced

126
Q

Paul Ekman’s 7 basic emotions:

A

Happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, fear, disgust, anger

127
Q

James-Lange Theory of emotion

A

Theory of emotion that begins with physiological arousal, which leads to labelling of the emotion
Ex. getting cut off - physiological response and “I must be angry b/c my skin is hot and my blood pressure is high”
first response: nervous system arousal
second response: conscious emotion

128
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory of emotion

A

States that cognitive and physiological components of emotion occur simultaneously and result in the behavioural part of emotion
first response: nervous system arousal and conscious emotion
second response: action

129
Q

Schacter-Singer Theory of emotion

A

States that both arousal and labeling of arousal based on environment must occur in order for an emotion to be experienced
Importance of the surrounding environment and others emotions
first response: nervous system arousal and cognitive appraisal
second response: conscious emotion

130
Q

Lazarus theory

A

Lazarus theory requires that interpretation must happen before arousal or emotion, which happen simultaneously
Since the event (story describing fear) was interpreted as being non-threatening before a physiological response (fight or flight) and emotion (fear) were to be perceived simultaneously, neither the physiological response (fight or flight) nor the emotion (fear) were elicited

131
Q

In regard to emotion, what is the difference between explicit and implicit memories

A

Explicit memory is the story of the event: what happened, where it occurred, who was involved, how it made you feel
- medial temporal lobe

Implicit memory corresponds to the actual sensation and retrieval makes one feel the emotion
- amygdala

132
Q

Cognitive appraisal

A

Subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress
Primary appraisal: evaluation of how stressful the environment or associated threat is
Secondary appraisal: can the organism cope with the stress, determination of its intensity

133
Q

Distress vs. eustress

A

Distress: occurs when experiencing unpleasant stressors
Eustress: is a result of more positive conditions - graduating college

134
Q

General adaptation syndrome

A

Sequence of physiological responses to stress

1) alarm - sympathetic nervous system, cortisol levels increase
2) resistance - continuous release of hormones allows the sympathetic NS to remain engaged to fight the stressor
3) exhaustion - body can no longer maintain an elevated response with sympathetic nervous system activity
- individual becomes more susceptible to illness and medical conditions

135
Q

Androgyny vs undifferentiated

A

Terms of gender identity
Androgyny - scoring highly on both masculine and feminine scales
Undifferentiated - scoring low on both scores of masculine and feminine scales

136
Q

Hierarchy of Salience

A

How our identities are organized, we let the situation dictate which identity holds the most importance for us at any given moment

137
Q

Self-discrepancy theory

A

Holds that we have three selves:

1) actual self: way we see ourselves as we currently are
2) ideal self: person we would like to be
3) ought self: our representation of the way others think we should be

The closer these 3 are to one another, the higher our self-esteem or self-worth will be

138
Q

Self-efficacy

A

Our belief in our ability to succeed

139
Q

Locus of control

A

Self evaluation that refers to the way we characterize the influences in our lives
People with an internal locus of control see their successes and failures as a result of their own characteristics and actions, while those with an external locus of control perceive outside factors as having more of an influence in their lives

140
Q

Freud Psychosexual Development Stages:

A

1) Oral: libidinal energy centered on the mouth; fixation can lead to excessive dependency (0-1)
2) Anal: Toilet training occurs during this time; fixation can lead to excessive orderliness or messiness (1-3)
3) Phallic: Oedipal or Electra conflict is resolved during this stage (3-5)
4) Latency: Libido is largely sublimated during this stage
5) Genital: begins at puberty; if previous stages have been successfully resolved, the person will enter into normal heterosexual relationships

141
Q

Fixation

A

Occurs when a child is overindulged or overly frustrated during a stage of development

142
Q

Erikson’s Psychosocial development stages (crisis):

A

1) Trust vs. mistrust - Can I trust the world? (0 to 1)
2) Autonomy vs. shame and doubt - Is it okay to be me? (1 to 3 years)
3) Initiative vs. guilt - Is it okay for me to do, move, and act? (3 to 6)
4) Industry vs. inferiority - can I make it in the world of people and things? (6 to 12)
5) Identity vs. role confusion - Who am I? What can I be? (12 to 20 years)
6) Intimacy vs isolation - Can I love? (20 to 40)
7) Generativity vs. stagnation - can I make my life count? (40 to 65)
8) Integrity vs. despair - is it okay to have been me? (65 to death)

143
Q

Kohlberg Moral reasoning phases:

A

1) Preconventional morality - adolescence a) obedience b) self-interest
2) Conventional morality - adolescence to adulthood c) conformity d) law & order
3) Postconventional morality - adulthood (if at all) e) social contract f) universal human ethics

144
Q

Zone of Proximal development

A

Refers to those skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed but are in the process of development, can likely do in the presence of a helpful adult

145
Q

Theory of mind

A

Ability to sense how another’s mind works

146
Q

Psychoanalytic theory

A

Views personality as resulting from unconscious urges and desires

147
Q

Freud’s view of the human psyche:

A

Id: basic, primal, inborn urges to survive and reproduce based on the pleasure principle
Ego: guides or inhibits the activity of the id based on the reality principle
Superego: idealist and perfectionist

148
Q

Conscious, preconscious, unconscious (Freud)

A

Conscious: currently aware of
Preconscious: aren’t currently aware of
Unconscious: repressed

149
Q

Freud’s defence mechanisms (8):

A

Repression: unconscious forgetting
Suppression: conscious forgetting
Regression: returning to an earlier stage of development
Reaction formation: an unacceptable impulse is transformed into its opposite
Projection: attribution of wishes, desires, thoughts, or emotions to someone else
Rationalization: justification of attitudes, beliefs, or behaviours
Displacement: changing the target of an emotion, while the feelings remain the same
Sublimation: channeling of an unacceptable impulse in a socially acceptable direction

150
Q

Jung’s collective unconscious

A

Links all humans together

151
Q 
Jungian archetypes
Persona:
Anima:
Animus:
Shadow:
A

Persona: the aspect of our personality we represent to the world
Anima: a “man’s inner woman”
Animus: a “woman’s inner man”
Shadow: unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, and actions in our consciousness

152
Q

Jung’s self

A

Point of intersection between the collective unconsciousness, the personal unconsciousness, and the conscious mind

153
Q

Fictional finalism

A

Alder’s theory that an individual is motivated more by his expectations of the future than by past experiences

154
Q

Humanistic perspective

A

Emphasizes the internal feelings of healthy individuals as they strive toward happiness and self-realization

155
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

Therapeutic technique by which the therapists accepts the client completely and expresses empathy in order to promote a positive therapeutic environment

156
Q

Type A personality

A

Competitive and compulsive

157
Q

Type B personality

A

Laid-back and relaxed

158
Q

Big five (personality traits)

A

Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

159
Q

Cardinal, central, and secondary traits

A

Cardinal traits: traits around which a person organizes his or her life (not everyone has one)
Central traits: major characteristics of personality
Secondary traits: more personal characteristics and limited in occurrence

160
Q

N-Ach

A

If rated high on N-Ach - concerned with achievement and have pride in accomplishments
Avoid high risks (avoid failing) and low risks (easy tasks do not generate a sense of achievement)
Stop striving towards a goal if success is unlikely

161
Q

Token economies

Behaviourist perspective

A

Positive behaviour is rewarded with tokens that can be exchanged for privileges, treats, or reinforcers

162
Q

Reciprocal determinism

Social cognitive

A

Idea that our thoughts, feelings, behaviours, and environment all interact with each other to determine our actions in a given situation

163
Q

P.E.N.

A

Psychoticism: a measure of nonconformity or social deviance
Extraversion: a measure of tolerance for social interactions and stimulation
Neuroticism: a measure of emotional arousal in stressful situations

164
Q

Functional autonomy

A

When a behaviour continues even though the drive behind the behaviour has ceased

165
Q

Biopsychosocial approach to psychological disorders vs biomedical

A

Biopsychosocial approach assumes there are biological, psychological, and social components to an individuals disorder
Biomedical views it as strictly biological

166
Q

Positive symptoms

A

Behaviours, thoughts, or feelings added to normal behaviour (for schizophrenia - delusions & hallucinations, disorganized thought, and catatonic behaviour)

167
Q

Negative symptoms

A

Involve the absence of normal or desired behaviour, such as disturbance of affect and avolition (decrease in motivation to perform self-directed purposeful activities)

168
Q

Positive symptoms of Schizophrenia:

A

Delusions of reference, delusions of persecution, delusions of grandeur, thought broadcasting, though insertion, hallucinations, disorganized thought, disorganized behaviour, catatonia

169
Q

Delusions of reference:

A

Belief that common elements in the environment are directed toward the individual

170
Q

Negative symptoms of Schizophrenia:

A

Disturbance of affect, blunting (severe reduction in the intensity of affect expression), flat affect, inappropriate affect (might laugh hysterically while describing someones death)

171
Q

Prodromal phase of schizophrenia

A

Before diagnosis, phase is exemplified by clear evidence of deterioration, social withdrawal, role functioning impairment, peculiar behaviour, inappropriate affect, and unusual experiences

172
Q

Anhedonia

A

Loss of interest in all or almost all formerly enjoyable activities

173
Q

Dysthymia

A

Depressed mood that isn’t severe enough to meet the criteria for a major depressive episode

174
Q

Bipolar I disorder

A

Manic episodes with or without major depressive episodes

175
Q

Bipolar II disorder

A

Has hypomania with at least one major depressive episode

176
Q

Cyclothymic disorder

A

Combination of hypomania episodes and periods of dysthymia

177
Q

Which neurotransmitters are theorized to play a role in mania and depression?

A

Too much NE and serotonin in a synapse = mania

Too little Ne and serotonin in a synapse = depression

178
Q

Anxiety disorders (list types)

A

General anxiety disorder, specific phobias, social anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, panic disorder

179
Q

Dissociative amnesia

A

Inability to recall past experience (not caused by a neurological disorder)

180
Q

Dissociative identity disorder

A

Formerly multiple personality disorder, two or more personalities that recurrently take control of a person’s behaviour

181
Q

Depersonalization/derealization disorder

A

Individuals feel detached from their own mind and body (depersonalization) or from their surroundings (derealization)

182
Q

Somatic symptom disorder

A

Have at least one somatic symptom but have disproportionate concerns about its seriousness

183
Q

Conversion disorder

A

Characterized by unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory function

184
Q

Ego-syntonic

A

Describes personality disorders, a person believes that their behaviour is correct (in contrast, ego-dystonic - person sees the illness as something thrust upon them that is intrusive)

185
Q

Cluster A personality disorders (weird)

A

1) paranoid personality disorder: pervasive mistrust of others and suspicions regarding their motives
2) Schizotypal PD: pattern of odd or eccentric thinking - may of ideas of reference and magical thinking (superstitiousness)
3) Schizoid PD: pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression

186
Q

Cluster B personality disorders (wild)

A

1) Antisocial PD: disregard for and violation of the rights of others
2) Borderline PD: pervasive instability in interpersonal behaviour, mood, and self-image (fear of abandonment, interpersonal relationships are often intense and unstable) (splitting - view people as solely good or solely bad)
3) Histrionic PD: constant attention seeking
4) Narcissistic PD: grandiose sense of self-importance or uniqueness

187
Q

Cluster C personality disorders (worried)

A

1) Avoidant PD: shyness and fear of rejection (might stay in same situation despite wanting change)
2) Dependent PD: continuous need for reassurance
3) Obsessive-compulsive PD: perfectionist and inflexible

188
Q

Obsessions vs Compulsions

A 
Obsessions = persistent intrusive thoughts and impulses (increase stress)
Compulsions = repetitive tasks (decrease stress)
189
Q

Major depressive episodes:

A

Duration of at least two weeks and at least 5 of the following symptoms:
depressed mood, anhedonia (loss of interest), sleep disturbances, feelings of guilt, lack of energy, difficulty concentrating, changes in appetite, psychomotor symptoms, and suicidal thoughts
One of the symptoms must be either depressed mood or anhedonia

190
Q

Bradykinesia, resting tremor, pill-rolling tremor, mask-like facies, cogwheel rigidity, shuffling gait are all symptoms of what

A

Parkinson’s disease

191
Q

Dissociative fugue

A

Characterized by sudden travel or change in normal day-to-day activities and occurs in some cases with dissociative amnesia

192
Q

Social action

A

Actions and behaviours that individuals are conscious of and performing because others are around

193
Q

Social facilitation

A

People tend to perform better on easy tasks in the presence of others, idea that performance is not solely influenced by individual ability

194
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law of social facilitation

A

Being in the presence of others will significantly raise arousal, which enhances the ability to perform tasks one is already good at and hinders the ability to perform less familiar tasks
Expert pianist would perform better with an audience while someone with little knowledge would perform worse

195
Q

Deindividuation

A

Becoming part of a group
Attempts to explain violent behaviours seen in mobs or crowds
Increases if people are masked

196
Q

Bystander effect

A

Individuals are less likely to intervene and help when others are present, likelihood and timeliness of response is inversely related to the number of bystanders

197
Q

Social loafing

A

The tendency of individuals to put in less effort when in a group setting than individually

198
Q

Identity shift effect

A

When an individual’s state of harmony is disrupted by a threat of social rejection, the individual will often conform to the norms of the group

199
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

The simultaneous presence of two opposing thoughts or opinions

200
Q

Group polarization

A

The tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the individual ideas and inclinations of the members within the group (describes behaviour at the individual level, while choice shift describes the behaviour change of a group as a whole)

201
Q

Groupthink

A

Tendency for groups to make decisions based on ideas and solutions that arise within the group without considering outside ideas
Phenomenon that occurs within a group of people in which a desire for harmony and conformity results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome

202
Q

8 factors indicative of groupthink

A

1) illusion of vulnerability
2) collective rationalization: ignoring warnings
3) Illusion of morality
4) excessive stereotyping
5) pressure for conformity
6) self-censorship: withholding of opposite views
7) Illusion of unanimity
8) mindguards: appointment of members to the role of protecting against opposing views

203
Q

Ethnic enclave

A

Locations with a high concentration of one specific ethnicity
ex. Chinatown

204
Q

Assimilation vs multiculturalism

A

Assimilation - (usually uneven) merging of cultures; a melting pot
Multiculturalism - celebration of coexisting cultures; a cultural mosaic

205
Q

Mores

A

Wildly observed norms

206
Q

Folkways

A

Norms that refer to behaviour that is considered polite in particular contexts (shaking hands after a sports match)

207
Q

Social stigma

A

The extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences from the rest of society
ex. mental illness has been stigmatized in American society

208
Q

Labeling theory

A

Posits that labels given to people affect not only how others respond to that person, but also that person’s self-image

209
Q

Differential association theory

A

Posits that deviance can be learned through interactions with others
and argues that deviance provides a clear perception of social norms and acceptable boundaries, encourages unity, within society, and can even promote social change

210
Q

Normative conformity

A

The desire to fit into a group because of fear of rejection

211
Q

Conformity: Internalization vs identification

A

Internalization is the changing of one’s behaviour to fit with a group while also privately agreeing with the ideas of a group
Identification refers to the acceptance of others’ ideas without questioning them

212
Q

Compliance Techniques:
foot-in-the-door technique
door-in-the-face technique
lowball technique

A

Foot-in-the-door technique: ask a small request followed by another one
Door-in-the-face technique: ask a large request, followed by a smaller request (often the true goal)
Lowball technique: requestor gets an initial commitment that turns out to be greater than the commitment first or previously agreed upon

213
Q

Obedience vs compliance

A

Compliance deals with requests made by people without authority
Obedience deals with people with authority
People are more likely to obey than comply

214
Q

Attitude and 3 components

A

Expression of positive or negative feeling towards a person, place, thing, or scenario

1) affective: emotional
2) behavioural: how one acts toward noun/scenario
3) cognitive: way individual things about something

215
Q

Functional attitudes theory

A

States that attitudes serve four functions:

1) knowledge: attitudes help provide organization to thoughts and experience
2) ego-expressive: allow us to communicate and solidify our self-identity
3) adaptive: idea that one will be accepted if socially acceptable attitudes are expressed
4) ego-defensive: protect our self-esteem or justify actions that we know are wrong

216
Q

Learning theory

A

Posits that attitudes are developed through forms of learning, direct contact with the object can influence attitudes

217
Q

Elaboration likelihood model

A

Posits that there are two ways in which we form attitudes

a) central route processing: scrutinizing and analyzing the content of persuasive information (high elaboration)
b) peripheral route processing: focus on superficial details of persuasive information (low elaboration)

218
Q

Social cognitive theory

A

Postulates that people learn to behave and shape attitudes by observing the behaviours of others

219
Q

Bandura’s triadic reciprocal causation

A

Behavioural factors, personal factors, and environmental factors

220
Q

Ascribed, achieved, and master status

A

Ascribed status: given involuntarily (race, ethnicity, gender, family background)
Achieved status: gained as a result of one’s efforts or choices
Master status: status by which a person is most identified, is pervasive in person’s life

221
Q

Role conflict:
Role strain:
Role exit:

A

Role conflict: difficulty in satisfying the requirements or expectations of multiple roles
Role strain: difficulty in satisfying multiple requirements of the same role
Role exit: dropping of one identity for another

222
Q

Primary group vs secondary group

A

Primary group: interactions are direct, with close bonds providing warm, personal, and intimate relationships to members
Secondary group: interactions are superficial, with few emotional bonds (students working on group projects)

223
Q

Gemeinschaft (community) & Gesellschaft (society)

A

Gemeinschaft - groups unified by feelings of togetherness due to shared beliefs, ancestry, or geography
Gesellschaft - groups formed because of mutual self-interests working together toward the same goal

224
Q

Iron law of oligarchy

A

States that democratic or bureaucratic systems naturally shift to being ruled by an elite group

225
Q

McDonaldization

A

Refers to the shift in focus towards efficiency, predictability, calculability, and control in these societies

226
Q

Type I error

A

A false positive, the incorrect rejection of a null hypothesis

227
Q

Type II error

A

A false negative, the incorrect acceptance of a null hypothesis

228
Q

In conflict theory the thesis describes the initial environment, the status quo. Therefore, the anti-thesis is:

A

Anti-thesis is the reaction to the thesis, the push-back from those unhappy with the status quo

229
Q

Exchange-rational choice theory

A

Believes that decisions are made by rational beings who have weighed all aspects of the problem, and who the proceed to make the rational choice

230
Q

Social construction model

A

Assumes that there is no biological basis for emotions

States that emotions are solely based on the situational context of social interactions

231
Q

Display rules

A

Cultural expectations of emotions (ex. certain Inuit societies rarely express anger)

232
Q

Cultural syndrome

A

Shared set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, values, and behaviours among members of the same culture that are organized around a central theme, influence the rules for expressing or suppressing emotions

233
Q

Impression management (and 3 selves)

A

Refers to our attempts to manage how others perceive us

a) authentic self
b) ideal self
c) tactical self: who we market ourselves to be when we adhere to others’ expectations of us (similar to ought self)

234
Q

Dramaturgical approach to impression management

A

Front stage self: in front of an audience, act according to ones setting, conform to the image they want others to see (live up to the roles assumed by our status)
Back stage self: free to act in ways that may be incongruent with his desired public image

235
Q

Golden ratio

A

1.618:1 (we’re attracted to this)

236
Q

Reciprocal liking

A

People like others better when they believe the other person likes them

237
Q

Mere exposure effect/ familiarity effect

A

People prefer stimuli that they have been exposed to more frequently

238
Q

Cognitive neoassociation model

A

We are more likely to respond to others aggressively when whenever we are feeling negative emotions (being tired, hungry, sick, frustrated, in pain)
ex. riots are more likely to happen on hot days than cold ones
Drivers with no AC are more likely to honk and display road rage

239
Q

Secure attachment

A

Seen when a child has a consistent caregiver and is able to go out and explore knowing that he or she has a secure base to return to
Will prefer a caregiver over a stranger, distress when caregiver leaves

240
Q

Avoidant attachment

A

Occurs when caregiver has little or no response to a distressed child
No preference to stranger or caregiver, little or no distress when caregiver leaves

241
Q

Ambivalent attachment

A

Occurs when a caregiver has an inconsistent response to a child’s distress, sometimes responding appropriately, sometimes neglectfully
Very distressed when caregiver leaves, but mixed response upon their return

242
Q

Disorganized attachment

A

Children with this show no clear pattern of behaviour in response to a caregiver’s absence or presence, instead show a mix of different behaviours (avoidance, seeming dazed, frozen, confused, rocking), may be a red flag for abuse

243
Q

The sensation of hunger is controlled by

A

The hypothalamus (lateral hypothalamus promotes hunger, ventromedial hypothalamus promotes satiety)

244
Q

Mate bias direct vs indirect benefits

A

How choosy members of the species are while choosing a mate
direct benefits - material advantages, protection, emotional support
indirect benefits - promoting better survival in offspring

245
Q

5 mechanisms of mate choice

A

1) Phenotypic benefits: observable traits that make a mate more attractive to the opposite sex (ex. males that appear more nurturing)
2) Sensory bias: development of a trait to match a preexisting preference that exists in the population (fiddler crabs building pillars to attract females)
3) Fisherian/ runaway selection: a positive feedback mechanism in which a particular trait that has no effect on survival becomes more and more exaggerated over time (ex. plumage of the peacock)
4) Indicator traits: trait that signifies overall good health and well-being of an organism (females cats are more attracted to male cats with clean and shiny coats)
5) Genetic compatibility: creation of mate pairs, that, when combined have complementary genetics (mechanism for reduced frequency of recessive genetic disorders in the population)

246
Q

Empathy

A

Ability to vicariously experience the emotion of another

247
Q

Game theory

A

Attempts to explain decision-making behaviour, players define the game

248
Q

Evolutionary stable strategy

A

When an EES is adopted by a given population in a specific environment, natural selection will prevent alternative strategies from arising

249
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

A measure of an organisms success in a population, based on number of offspring, success in supporting offspring, and the ability of offspring to then support others

250
Q

Social perception cognition and 3 components:

A

How we form impressions about the characteristics of individuals and groups of people

a) perceiver: influenced by experience, motives, and emotional state
b) target: person about which the perception is made
c) situation: the context

251
Q

Primacy effect

A

First impressions are often more important than subsequent impressions

252
Q

Recency effect

A

Sometimes recent information is most important in forming our impressions

253
Q

Reliance on central traits

A

Tendency for people to organize the perception of others based on traits and personal characteristics of the target that are most relevant to the perceiver

254
Q

Implicit personality theory

A

States that there are sets of assumptions people make about how different types of people, their traits, and their behaviours are related

255
Q

Halo effect

A

When judgements of an individual’s character can be affected by the overall impression of the individual, an individual’s attractiveness can be seen to produce the halo effect

256
Q

Just-world hypothesis

A

In a “just-world” good things happen to good people, noble are rewarded, evil are punished, can cause victim blaming

257
Q

Self-serving bias

A

Individuals will view their own success based on internal factors and their failures on external factors

258
Q

Attribution theory

Dispositional vs situational

A

Focuses on the tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people’s behaviour
Dispositional (internal): causes that relate to features of the person whose behaviour is being considered
Situational (external): causes are related to features of the surroundings or social context

259
Q

Consistency, consensus, and distinctiveness cues

A

Consistency cues: consistent behaviour over time
Consensus cues: matches others’ behaviour
Distinctiveness cues: uses similar behaviour in similar situations

260
Q

Correspondent interference theory

A

Used to describe attributions made by observing the intentional (especially unexpected) behaviours performed by another person

261
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

Posits that we are generally biased in making dispositional attributions rather than situational, especially in negative contexts

262
Q

Attribution substitution

A

Occurs when one must make judgments that are complex, but instead they substitute a simpler solution or apply a heuristic
ex. A pencil and an eraser cost $1.10 together. If the pencil costs one dollar more than the eraser, how much does the eraser cost? most people answer 10 cents (incorrect)

263
Q

Stereotypes vs prejudice vs discrimination

A

Stereotypes: occur when attitudes or impressions are made based on limited and superficial information about a person or group (cognitive)
Prejudice: defined as an irrational positive or negative attitude toward a person, group, or thing prior to an actual experience (affective)
Discrimination: when prejudice attitudes cause individuals of a particular group to be treated differently from others (behavioural)

264
Q

Stereotype content model

A

Attempts to classify stereotypes based on two binary criteria, warmth and competence
4 categories:
Paternalistic - low status, not competitive (elderly, housewives, disabled)
Admiration stereotype - high status, not competitive (in-group, close allies)
Contemptuous stereotype - low status, competitive (welfare recipients, poor people)
Envious stereotype - high status, competitive (Asians, Jews, feminists)

265
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

Making what one expects to happen, happen

266
Q

Stereotype threat

A

Concept of people being concerned or anxious about confirming a negative stereotype about one’s social group, may hinder performance and create a self-fulfilling prophecy

267
Q

Propaganda attempts to to create _____ in others

A

Prejudice

268
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Practice of making judgments about other cultures based on values and beliefs of one’s own culture, especially when it comes to language, customs, and religions
in-group vs out-group (based on favouritism for in-group)

269
Q

Cultural relativism

A

Perception of another culture as different from one’s own, but with the recognition that the central values, mores, and rules of a culture fit into that culture itself

270
Q

Functionalism

A

Study of the structure and function of each part of society and how they fit together

271
Q

Functions vs dysfunctions

A

Functions refer to the beneficial consequences of people’s actions
Dysfunctions are harmful consequences of people’s actions

272
Q

Manifest vs latent functions

A

Manifest functions: deliberate actions that serve to help a given system
Latent functions: unexpected, unintended, or unrecognized positive consequences of manifest functions

273
Q

Conflict theory

A

Based on work of Karl Marx, focuses on how power differentials are created how they contribute to the maintenance of social order

274
Q

Symbolic interactionism

A

Study of the ways individuals interact through a shared understanding of words, gestures, and other symbols, view symbols as the key to understanding how we view the world and communicate with one another

275
Q

Social constructionism

A

Focuses on how individuals and groups put together/make decisions to agree upon their social reality
ex. how money (which in and of itself has no value) is defined as a society, so that it can be used to trade for goods and services

276
Q

Kinsey scale

A

0 to 6 scale of sexuality
0 being solely heterosexual
6 being exclusively homosexual

277
Q

Fertility rate vs birth rate

A

Fertility rate: children per woman per lifetime

Birth rate: children per 1000 people per year

278
Q

Mortality rate

A

Deaths per 1000 per year

279
Q

Migration rate

A

Immigration rate minus emigration rate

280
Q

Demographic transition

A

Specific example of demographic shift (changes in population make up over time) referring to changes in birth and death rates in a country as it develops from a preindustrial to industrial economic system, mortality rates drop first, then birth rates

281
Q

Proactive vs reactive social movements

A

Proactive: promote social change
Reactive: resist social change

282
Q

Globalization

A

Process of integrating the global economy with free trade and the tapping of foreign markets

283
Q

Socioeconomic status (SES) is dependent on

A 
Both ascribed (race, ethnicity, gender) and achieved status
ex. caste and estate systems stratify by ascribed SES, while class systems stratify by achieved SES
284
Q

Anomie

A

Refers to a lack of social norms, or a the breakdown of social bonds between an individual and society
- anomic conditions in postindustrial modern life have accelerated the decline of social inclusion and, as a result, obstructed opportunities to acquire social capital

285
Q

Strain theory

A

Focuses on how anomic conditions can lead to deviance

Examples of anomic conditions: excessive individualism, social inequality, isolation

286
Q

Social capital

A

Considered the investments people make in their society in return for economic or collective rewards; the greater the investment, the higher the level of social integration and inclusion

287
Q

Five ethnicities model

A

White, Black, Asian, Latino, Native American

Some argue an oversimplification of racial categories the enforces socioeconomic inequalities

288
Q

Social mobility

Intragenerational vs. Intergenerational

A 
Ability to move up or done from one class to another
Intragenerational: changes within social status happen within a person's lifetime
Intergenerational: changes are from parents to children
289
Q

Meritocracy vs Plutocracy

A

Meritocracy: based on intellectual talent and achievement, and is a means for a person to advance up a social ladder
Plutocracy: rule by the upper class (some argue that motivation, strong work ethic, drive, and mastery of skills no longer offers opportunities for advancement in the US, therefore it is not a meritocracy, but a plutocracy)

290
Q

Social reproduction

A

Social inequality, especially poverty, that is passed down rom one generation to the next

291
Q

Absolute vs relative poverty

A

Absolute: socioeconomic condition in which people do not have enough money or resources to maintain a quality of living that includes basic necessities
Relative: in which one is poor in comparison to the larger population

292
Q

Social exclusion

A

A sense of powerlessness when individuals feel alienated from society

293
Q

Spatial inequality

A

Focuses on social stratification across territories and their populations

294
Q

Incidence, prevalence, morbidity

A

Incidence: (new cases / population at risk / time) a rate - number of new cases of an illness per population at risk
Prevalence: (total cases / total population/ time)measure of the number of cases of an illness overall per population in a given amount of time
Morbidity: degree of severity of illness associated with a given disease

295
Q

Second sickness

A

Exacerbation of health outcomes caused by social injustice

MCAT (6 decks)

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