Biology 1011 tricky topics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the pericycle? Where can it be found ?

A
  • gives rise to lateral growth of root
  • found in the stele (within endodermis)
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1
Q

What is the integument? Where can it be found ?

A
  • the sac within the ovary which surround the ovules etc
  • develops into the 2n seed coat
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2
Q

What is plasmolysis?

A

Process in which water molecules move out of the cell, causing it to shrink

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3
Q

What is photophosphorylation?

A
  • the transformation of ADP into ATP (in light reactions of photosynthesis)
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4
Q

What is photorespiration?

A
  • when rubisco binds to O2 during times of low CO2
  • wasteful, Creates CO2
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5
Q

What is positive pressure?

A

Pressure in the system greater than the surroundings

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6
Q

What is negative pressure?

A

ie: tension
- pressure potential is negative, air sucked in

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7
Q

Where is osmotic potential the greatest?

A

The roots

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8
Q

Where is pressure potential most important?

A

the stem

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9
Q

What are the gametangia? Where are they formed?

A
  • formed on gametophyte
  • sex organs: antheridium and archegonium, produce sex cells
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10
Q

What nourishes the conifer seed?

A

Megagametophyte

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11
Q

What are the states of pieces of conifer seeds ?

A

megagametophyte (n), seed coat (2n), Zygote (2n)

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12
Q

What nourishes the flower seed ?

A

the 3n endosperm

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13
Q

How many times does fertilization occur in the flower?

A

twice (double fertilization) –> 2 sperm cells bind to form a 2n zygote, 3n endosperm
(note that there is also a 2n seed coat formed by the integument)

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14
Q

What division is moss?

A

division Bryophyta

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15
Q

What are chlamydomonas?

A

from the division chlorophytes, green algae, do not undergo alternation of generations
- unicellular zygote which divides immediately

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16
Q

When did plants appear?

A

1500 million years ago

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17
Q

What did the earth form ?

A

4.6 billion years ago

18
Q

When did photosynthesis occur?

A

3500 million years ago

19
Q

When did plastids first appear ?

A

1500 million years ago

20
Q

When did embryophytes take over ?

A

500 million years ago

21
Q

What are the phases of the Calvin cycle called ?

A
  1. carbon fixation
  2. reduction
22
Q

What occur in phase 1 of the Calvin cycle?

A

RuBP (5 carbon) binds to CO2
- 6 carbon compound splits into 2 PGAs (C3)

23
Q

What occurs in phase 2 of the Calvin cycle?

A
  • ATP used (turns back into ADP)
    to turn C3 into biophosphoglyerate
  • NADPH used (turns into NADP+) to form G3P and phosphate
24
Q

What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph?

A
  • autographs can make their own food (photosynthetic)
  • heterotrophs cannot, must eat externally
25
Q

How can you tell the difference between a monocot and eudicot based on a cross section of a stem?

A

Monocots typically have vascular tissue spread all round
Eudicots vascular tissue is in an x shape at the centre of the stem.

26
Q

What relationship do basidiomycetes have to plants ?

A

Basidiomycetes are ectomycorrhizae, meaning they have a relationship with plants but grow outside the plant

27
Q

What are the sexual reproductive parts of the ascomycete?

A

asci (8 spores in each asus)

28
Q

Where is the seed coat on the flowering plant and confer derived from?

A

2n seed coat derived from sporophyte
- in flowers, the integument becomes the seed coat

29
Q

how many cells are initially created in the production of the egg cells?

A

4 initially produced by the sporocyte, 3 die, 1 left for fertilization.
- that divides twice to form 8 cells.

30
Q

What is the process of producing spores in ascomycetes ?

A

two haploids undergo plasmogamy (n+n), eventually become fertilized (to produce a diploid zygote in karyogamy), meiosis 2x = 8 spores.

31
Q

What do flowering plants and ascomycetes have in common when reproducing?

A

they both have 1 cell which divides twice to form 8
- 8 spores in ascomycetes
- 8 nuclei in flowering plants

32
Q

What is the micro and mega gametophyte of flowers?

A

micro = pollen
mega = 8 nuclei make up the gametophyte

33
Q

What is the difference between hermaphrodite, monoecy, and dioecy?

A

Hermaphrodite: both sex organs on the same flower
Monoecy: sex organs on same plants
dioecy: both sex organs on separate plants

34
Q

What are zygomycetes more commonly know as?

A

bread mold

35
Q

What are the two things produced from sclerenchyma?

A

Fibers and scleirids

36
Q

What kind of mushroom are fairy rings ? What do they do ?

A

Basidiomycota, they break down organic matter

37
Q

What kind of mushrooms have gills ?

A

Basidia on basidiomycota

38
Q

What produces spore on basidiomycota?

A

Basidium: produce spores, and gills.

39
Q

What are basidiomycetes primary function?

A

Decomposer

40
Q

What are gills on shrooms for?

A

Spore production

41
Q

what kind of fungi is a truffle?

A

Ascomycetes

42
Q
A