Bio final review of things idk

Question 1

Describe transport epithelia

Answer 1

• used to maintain osmolarity within the body
• large surface area, well connected to blood vessels
• transports specific amounts of solutes in specific directions

Question 2

What are natural killer cells?

Answer 2

• part of innate immunity = rapid response
• recognize substances on the surface of pathogens and release chemicals that cause apoptosis of infected or cancerous cells

Question 3

Where are phagocytosis cells present?

Answer 3

• blood, skin, mucous membrane, lymph

Question 4

What are the components of skeletal muscle?

Answer 4

• skeletal muscle –> muscle fibers (multi nucleated cells) –> myofibrils (where the ca2+ is deposited) –> sarcomeres (actin and myosin)

Question 5

Describe the blood flow of deoxygenated blood from the body

Answer 5

• deoxygenated blood from body arrives from vein via superior and inferior vena cava into the right atrium, through the tricuspid valve, and into the right ventricle, and finally into the pulmonary artery where it is taken to the lungs to become oxygenated

Question 6

Describe the blood flow of oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

Answer 6

The pulmonary vein brings oxygenated blood back to the heart
- into the left atrium, into the left ventricle, and then into the aorta where it is distributed to the rest of the body

Question 7

What is the contraction pattern of the heart?

Answer 7

1. atria and ventricles diastole
2. atria systole, ventricle diastole
3. atria diastole, ventricle systole

Question 8

What are the 3 components of the circulatory system in all animals?

Answer 8

• circulatory fluid (close=blood, open=hemolymph (crabs, insects, spiders)
• muscular pump
• interconnected vessels

Question 9

Describe fertilization in sea urchins

Question 10

what are the 4 kinds of tissue?

Answer 10

• epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

Question 11

What are the 4 systems that exchange materials with the environment?

Answer 11

• integumentary, excretory, digestive, respiratory

Question 12

What cells from the neural tube?

Answer 12

• ectodermal cells from the neural tube

Question 13

What are the glia used for?

Answer 13

• compose the nervous system with neurons
• aid in maintaining homeostasis, produce myelin: protects, supports, nourishes the neurons

Question 14

How does the hypothalamus respond in fight or flight?

Answer 14

• triggers reactions directly through spine to kidneys to adrenal glands to adrenal medulla to release stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine
• does not use the pituitary glands

Question 15

What is the cecum?

Answer 15

• a part of the large intestine
• ferments digested plant material using symbiotic bacteria (longer in herbivores)

Question 16

Where are osmoconformers found?

Answer 16

marine environments only

Question 17

How does skeletal muscle contraction work?

Answer 17

• contraction in skeletal muscles is stimulated by nerve impulse
• Ca 2+ is accumulated in the myofibrils and binds to troponin complex, allows tropomyosin to reveal active sites on actin, and then ATP helps the myosin heads to bind and move the actin filament closer to the centre of the sarcomere!

Question 18

Describe the nitrogen cycle

Answer 18

• nitrogen gas undergoes nitrogen fixation to become ammonium
• nitrifying bacteria turns ammonium into nitrate
• denitrifying bacteria turns nitrate back into nitrogen gas
• assimilation: plants take up nitrogen and nitrate to use
• decomposition: detritus turns back int ammonium
• lightning and bacteria fix nitrogen into ammonium for use –> accelerated by agriculture and legumes = too much nitrate in the soil (eutrophication)
• soybeans root nodules have a symbiotic relationship with bacteria = nitrate excess

Question 19

what is fratricide in ants?

Answer 19

• spiteful behavior: kills brothers who have less relatedness than sisters

Question 20

Describe the hamilton rule

Answer 20

cost (risk of death x number of children ) < benefit of offspring x relationship