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Biology 1: Chapters 1 - 4 > Biology 1 Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Biology 1 Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell

A

The cell is the smallest structure, capable of performing all of the functions necessary for life

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2
Q

Cell theory

A

All organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms, and cells come only from pre-existing cells because cells are self reproducing

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3
Q

Why are cells so small?

A

Small cells are likely to have an adequate surface area for exchanging waste for nutrients… As cells increase in size the surface area becomes in adequate to exchange the materials that the volume of the cell requires

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4
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Our cells that lack of membrane bound nucleus

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5
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Our cells that possess a nucleus

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6
Q

Bacillus

A

Are a rod shaped bacterium

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7
Q

Coccus

A

Our spherical shaped bacterium

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8
Q

Spirilla and Spirochetes

A

Bacteria that appear to be long rods that are twisted into spirals are spirilla if they are rigid… if they are flexible, they are spirochetes.

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9
Q

Cell envelope

A

In bacteria, the cell envelope consists of the plasma membrane, the cell wall, and the glycocalyx

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10
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

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11
Q

Mesosome

A

They are internal pouches and most likely increase the internal surface area for the attachment of enzymes carrying on metabolic activities

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12
Q

Cell wall

A

Maintains the shape of the cell, even after the cytoplasm should happen to take up in abundance of water

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13
Q

Glycocalyx

A

A layer of polysaccharides that lies outside the cell wall in some bacteria

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14
Q

Capsule

A

When the layer of polysaccharides that lie outside the cell wall and some bacteria is well organized and not easily washed off, it is called a capsule

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15
Q

Cytoplasm

A

A semi fluid solution, composed of water and inorganic and organic molecules encased by a plasma membrane.

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16
Q

Nucleoid

A

Prokaryotes DNA is located in a region of the cytoplasm called the nucleoid

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17
Q

Plasmids

A

Many prokaryotes also have extra chromosomal pieces of circular DNA called plasmids.

Plasmids are routinely used in biotechnology laboratories as a vector to transport DNA into a bacterium

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18
Q

Ribosomes

A

Many proteins and coated by the prokaryotic DNA are synthesized on tiny structures in the cytoplasm called ribosomes.

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19
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

A form of bacteria that are capable of photosynthesis in the same manner as plants

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20
Q

Thylakoids

A

Cyanbacteria cytoplasm contains extensive internal membranes, called thylakoids where chlorophyll and other pigments absorb solar energy for the production of carbohydrates

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21
Q

Flagella

A

Motile prokaryotes can propel themselves in water by the means of appendages called flagella… which consists of a filament, a hook, and a basal body

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22
Q

Fimbriae

A

Small bristle like fibers that sprout from the cell surface and help to attach prokaryotes to a surface

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23
Q

Conjugation pili

A

Are rigid tubular structures used by prokaryotes to pass DNA from cell to cell

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24
Q

Organelles

A

What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells is the presence of a nucleus and internal membrane bound compartments called organelles.

Nearly all organelles are surrounded by a membrane with embedded proteins , many of which are enzymes

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25
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A

After the prokaryote entered the host cell, the two would have begun living together cooperatively.. This proposal is known as the endosymbiotic theory.

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26
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Outer surface that regulates entrance and exit of molecules
Made up of protein and phospholipids

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27
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Maintains cell shape and assists movement of cell parts
- microtubules
- Intermediate filaments
- actin filaments

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28
Q

Microtubules

A

Protein cylinders that move organelles

29
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Protein fibers that provides stability of shape

30
Q

Acton filaments

A

Protein fibers that play a role in cell division and shape

31
Q

Centrioles

A

Short cylinders of microtubules

Not found in plant cells

32
Q

Centrosome

A

Microtubule organizing center that contains a pair of centrioles

33
Q

Vesicle

A

Small membrane bound sack that stores and transport substances

Enzymes embedded in the organelles membrane Specific molecules and then transports them around the cell

Membranous sex that enclosed the molecules and keep them separate from the cytoplasm

Vesicles move around by means of an extensive network or lattice of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton

34
Q

Lysosome

A

Vesicle that digest, macromolecules and even cell parts

Not commonly found in plant cells

35
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Semi fluid matrix outside the nucleus that contains organelles

36
Q

Nucleus

A

Command center of Cell
- nuclear envelope
- chromatin
- nucleolus

Is essential to the life and function of a eukaryotic cell

37
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Double membrane with nuclear pores that encloses the nucleus

38
Q

Chromatin

A

Diffuse threads containing DNA and protein

39
Q

Nucleolus

A

Region that produces subunits of ribosomes

40
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Protein and lipid metabolism
- Rough ER
- Smooth ER

41
Q

Rough ER

A

Studded by ribosomes that synthesize protein

42
Q

Smooth ER

A

Lacks ribosomes,
synthesizes lipid molecules

43
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Vesicle that is involved in fatty acid metabolism

44
Q

Ribosomes

A

Particles that carry out protein synthesis

45
Q

Polyribosome

A

String of ribosomes simultaneously synthesizing the same protein

46
Q

Mitochondria

A

Organ that carries out cellular, respiration and produces ATP molecules

47
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Processes, packages, and secretes modified proteins

48
Q

Central vacuole

A

Large, fluid filled sack that stores metabolites, and helps maintain turgor pressure

Not found in animal cells

49
Q

Chloroplast

A

Carries out photosynthesis and produces sugars

Not found in animal cells

50
Q

Cell wall

A

Outer surface that shapes, supports, and protects the cell

Not found in animal cells

51
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

The semi fluid matrix within the nucleus

52
Q

Chromatin

A

A combination of proteins and nucleic acids

53
Q

Chromosomes

A

Chromatin has a grainy appearance, but is actually a network of strands that will condense and undergo coiling into rodlike structures called chromosomes

54
Q

GENES

A

The basic units of heredity

55
Q

Nuclear pores

A

Permit the passage of ribosomal subunits and mRNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm, as well as the passage of proteins from cytoplasm into the nucleus

56
Q

Endomembrane system

A

Consists of the nuclear envelope, the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, and several types of vesicles

This system compartmentalize the cell so particular enzymatic reactions are restricted to specific regions and overall cell efficiency is increased

57
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membrane bound, vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus

They have a very low pH and store, powerful hydrolytic digestive enzymes in an inactive state

58
Q

Autophagy

A

Lysosomes also destroy non-functional organelles and portions of cytoplasm by a process called autophagy

59
Q

Transport vesicle

A

Shuttles lipids to various locations, such as the Golgi apparatus

60
Q

Transport vesicle

A

Shuttles lipids to various locations, such as the Golgi apparatus

61
Q

Secretory vesicle

A

Fuses with the plasma membrane as secretion occurs

62
Q

Microbodies

A

You carotic cells contain a variety of membrane bound, vesicles called microbodies that contain specialized enzymes to perform specific metabolic functions

An example of this is the peroxisome.

63
Q

Peroxisome

A

Membrane bound, vesicles that contain enzymes used to breakdown fatty acids

64
Q

Stroma

A

Is a semi fluid region that is enclosed by a double membrane

65
Q

Stroma

A

Is a semi fluid region that is enclosed by a double membrane

66
Q

Thylakoids

A

Disklike sacs formed from a3 chloroplast membrane are found within the stroma

67
Q

Granum

A

A stack of thylakoids

68
Q

CRISTAE

A

Mitochondria have two membranes, the outer membrane and the inner membrane. The inner membrane is highly convoluted into folds called CRISTAE which project into the matrix

69
Q

Centrosome

A

Microtubule assembly is under the regulatory control of a microtubule organizing center, otherwise called MTOC. In most eukaryotic cells, the main MTC is located in the centrosome

Biology 1: Chapters 1 - 4 (4 decks)

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