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Biology 1: Chapters 1 - 4 > Biology 1 Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Biology 1 Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell

A

The cell is the smallest structure, capable of performing all of the functions necessary for life

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2
Q

Cell theory

A

All organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms, and cells come only from pre-existing cells because cells are self reproducing

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3
Q

Why are cells so small?

A

Small cells are likely to have an adequate surface area for exchanging waste for nutrients… As cells increase in size the surface area becomes in adequate to exchange the materials that the volume of the cell requires

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4
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Our cells that lack of membrane bound nucleus

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5
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Our cells that possess a nucleus

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6
Q

Bacillus

A

Are a rod shaped bacterium

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7
Q

Coccus

A

Our spherical shaped bacterium

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8
Q

Spirilla and Spirochetes

A

Bacteria that appear to be long rods that are twisted into spirals are spirilla if they are rigid… if they are flexible, they are spirochetes.

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9
Q

Cell envelope

A

In bacteria, the cell envelope consists of the plasma membrane, the cell wall, and the glycocalyx

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10
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

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11
Q

Mesosome

A

They are internal pouches and most likely increase the internal surface area for the attachment of enzymes carrying on metabolic activities

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12
Q

Cell wall

A

Maintains the shape of the cell, even after the cytoplasm should happen to take up in abundance of water

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13
Q

Glycocalyx

A

A layer of polysaccharides that lies outside the cell wall in some bacteria

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14
Q

Capsule

A

When the layer of polysaccharides that lie outside the cell wall and some bacteria is well organized and not easily washed off, it is called a capsule

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15
Q

Cytoplasm

A

A semi fluid solution, composed of water and inorganic and organic molecules encased by a plasma membrane.

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16
Q

Nucleoid

A

Prokaryotes DNA is located in a region of the cytoplasm called the nucleoid

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17
Q

Plasmids

A

Many prokaryotes also have extra chromosomal pieces of circular DNA called plasmids.

Plasmids are routinely used in biotechnology laboratories as a vector to transport DNA into a bacterium

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18
Q

Ribosomes

A

Many proteins and coated by the prokaryotic DNA are synthesized on tiny structures in the cytoplasm called ribosomes.

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19
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

A form of bacteria that are capable of photosynthesis in the same manner as plants

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20
Q

Thylakoids

A

Cyanbacteria cytoplasm contains extensive internal membranes, called thylakoids where chlorophyll and other pigments absorb solar energy for the production of carbohydrates

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21
Q

Flagella

A

Motile prokaryotes can propel themselves in water by the means of appendages called flagella… which consists of a filament, a hook, and a basal body

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22
Q

Fimbriae

A

Small bristle like fibers that sprout from the cell surface and help to attach prokaryotes to a surface

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23
Q

Conjugation pili

A

Are rigid tubular structures used by prokaryotes to pass DNA from cell to cell

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24
Q

Organelles

A

What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells is the presence of a nucleus and internal membrane bound compartments called organelles.

Nearly all organelles are surrounded by a membrane with embedded proteins , many of which are enzymes

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25
Endosymbiotic theory
After the prokaryote entered the host cell, the two would have begun living together cooperatively.. This proposal is known as the endosymbiotic theory.
26
Plasma membrane
Outer surface that regulates entrance and exit of molecules Made up of protein and phospholipids
27
Cytoskeleton
Maintains cell shape and assists movement of cell parts - microtubules - Intermediate filaments - actin filaments
28
Microtubules
Protein cylinders that move organelles
29
Intermediate filaments
Protein fibers that provides stability of shape
30
Acton filaments
Protein fibers that play a role in cell division and shape
31
Centrioles
Short cylinders of microtubules Not found in plant cells
32
Centrosome
Microtubule organizing center that contains a pair of centrioles
33
Vesicle
Small membrane bound sack that stores and transport substances Enzymes embedded in the organelles membrane Specific molecules and then transports them around the cell Membranous sex that enclosed the molecules and keep them separate from the cytoplasm Vesicles move around by means of an extensive network or lattice of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton
34
Lysosome
Vesicle that digest, macromolecules and even cell parts Not commonly found in plant cells
35
Cytoplasm
Semi fluid matrix outside the nucleus that contains organelles
36
Nucleus
Command center of Cell - nuclear envelope - chromatin - nucleolus Is essential to the life and function of a eukaryotic cell
37
Nuclear envelope
Double membrane with nuclear pores that encloses the nucleus
38
Chromatin
Diffuse threads containing DNA and protein
39
Nucleolus
Region that produces subunits of ribosomes
40
Endoplasmic reticulum
Protein and lipid metabolism - Rough ER - Smooth ER
41
Rough ER
Studded by ribosomes that synthesize protein
42
Smooth ER
Lacks ribosomes, synthesizes lipid molecules
43
Peroxisomes
Vesicle that is involved in fatty acid metabolism
44
Ribosomes
Particles that carry out protein synthesis
45
Polyribosome
String of ribosomes simultaneously synthesizing the same protein
46
Mitochondria
Organ that carries out cellular, respiration and produces ATP molecules
47
Golgi apparatus
Processes, packages, and secretes modified proteins
48
Central vacuole
Large, fluid filled sack that stores metabolites, and helps maintain turgor pressure Not found in animal cells
49
Chloroplast
Carries out photosynthesis and produces sugars Not found in animal cells
50
Cell wall
Outer surface that shapes, supports, and protects the cell Not found in animal cells
51
Nucleoplasm
The semi fluid matrix within the nucleus
52
Chromatin
A combination of proteins and nucleic acids
53
Chromosomes
Chromatin has a grainy appearance, but is actually a network of strands that will condense and undergo coiling into rodlike structures called chromosomes
54
GENES
The basic units of heredity
55
Nuclear pores
Permit the passage of ribosomal subunits and mRNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm, as well as the passage of proteins from cytoplasm into the nucleus
56
Endomembrane system
Consists of the nuclear envelope, the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, and several types of vesicles This system compartmentalize the cell so particular enzymatic reactions are restricted to specific regions and overall cell efficiency is increased
57
Lysosomes
Membrane bound, vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus They have a very low pH and store, powerful hydrolytic digestive enzymes in an inactive state
58
Autophagy
Lysosomes also destroy non-functional organelles and portions of cytoplasm by a process called autophagy
59
Transport vesicle
Shuttles lipids to various locations, such as the Golgi apparatus
60
Transport vesicle
Shuttles lipids to various locations, such as the Golgi apparatus
61
Secretory vesicle
Fuses with the plasma membrane as secretion occurs
62
Microbodies
You carotic cells contain a variety of membrane bound, vesicles called microbodies that contain specialized enzymes to perform specific metabolic functions An example of this is the peroxisome.
63
Peroxisome
Membrane bound, vesicles that contain enzymes used to breakdown fatty acids
64
Stroma
Is a semi fluid region that is enclosed by a double membrane
65
Stroma
Is a semi fluid region that is enclosed by a double membrane
66
Thylakoids
Disklike sacs formed from a3 chloroplast membrane are found within the stroma
67
Granum
A stack of thylakoids
68
CRISTAE
Mitochondria have two membranes, the outer membrane and the inner membrane. The inner membrane is highly convoluted into folds called CRISTAE which project into the matrix
69
Centrosome
Microtubule assembly is under the regulatory control of a microtubule organizing center, otherwise called MTOC. In most eukaryotic cells, the main MTC is located in the centrosome

Biology 1: Chapters 1 - 4 (4 decks)

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