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Biology 1: Chapters 1 - 4 > Biology 1 Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Biology 1 Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Organic chemistry

A

The chemistry of living organisms

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2
Q

Inorganic chemistry

A

The chemistry of nonliving matter

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3
Q

Biomolecules

A

Living organisms contain only 4 classes of organic molecules: Carbohydrates , Lipids , Proteins, And nucleic acids.

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4
Q

Functional group

A

Specific combination of bonded atoms that always reacts in the same way Regardless of the carbon skeleton to which it is attached

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5
Q

Isomer

A

Organic molecule that has identical molecular formulas but different arrangements of atoms

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6
Q

Polymer

A

The carbohydrates proteins and nucleic acids are referred to as polymers Because they are constructed by linking together a large number of the same type of sub unit called Because they are constructed by linking together a large number of the same type of sub unit called a monomer.

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7
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

To build or synthesize a To build or synthesize a macromolecule theTo build or synthesize a macromolecule the cell uses a Condensation reaction in which sub units are joined to form a larger structure.

The equivalent of a water molecule is removed as sub units are joined

Therefore water molecules are formed as biomolecules are synthesized

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8
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

An OH group from water Attaches to 1 sub unit and an H. from water attaches to the other sub unit

Hydrolytic reactions break down molecules by adding water to them

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9
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Almost universally used as an immediate energy source in living organisms

They can also be used as structural materials Within some living organisms

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10
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Consist of only a single sugar molecule And are commonly called simple sugars

They can have a carbon backbone of 3-7 carbons

Monosaccharides are soluble in water

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11
Q

Glucose

A

Glucose has a molecular formula of C6H1206
Glucose has several isomers such as fructose and galactose
Glucose is a monosaccharide
Glucose is the molecule that is broken down and converted into stored chemical energy (ATP) During cellular respiration in nearly all types of organisms

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12
Q

Ribose and deoxyribose

A

Both are monosaccharides
They make up the structural backbone in the nucleic acids RNA & DNA

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13
Q

Disaccharide

A

Contains 2 monosaccharides that have joined during a dehydration reaction
Sucrose , Lactose , and Maltose are all examples

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14
Q

Polysaccharides - Energy storage molecules

A

Are long polymers of Are long polymers of monosaccharidesmonosaccharides
Due to their length they are also Referred to as complex carbohydrates_

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15
Q

Structural polysaccharides

A

Includes cellulose in plants, chitin In animals and fungi, And peptidoglycan In bacteria.
The monomer for Cellulose Is glucose
The monomer for Chiron is An attached amino group
The structure of peptidoglycan is even more complex , With each monomer containing an amino acid chain

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16
Q

Lipids

A

These compounds are insoluble in water due to their hydrocarbon chains. Hydrogens bonded only to carbon are non-polar and have no tendency to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules

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17
Q

Triglycerides: Long-term energy storage

A

This includes fats in animals and oils in plants

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18
Q

Fatty acid

A

Consists of a long hydrocarbon chain with an even number of carbons and a COOH carboxyl group at 1 end

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19
Q

Fatty acid

A

Consists of a long hydrocarbon chain with an even number of carbons and a COOH carboxyl group at 1 end

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20
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

Lack double bonds between the carbon atoms and contain as many hydrogens as they can hold

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21
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

Have double bonds in the carbon chain which reduces the number of bonded hydrogen atoms

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22
Q

Trans fat

A

A triglyceride that has at least 1 bond in a trans configuration

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23
Q

Trans fat

A

A triglyceride that has at least 1 bond in a trans configuration

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24
Q

Glycerol

A

Is a 3 carbon compound with 3OH groups That make it polar And glycerol is soluble in water

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25
Q

Glycerol

A

Is a 3 carbon compound with 3OH groups That make it polar And glycerol is soluble in water

26
Q

Phospholipids (Are membrane components)

A

Are Are basically triglycerides Except that in place of the 3rd fatty acid attached to glycerol There is a polar phosphate groupbasically.

This portion of the molecule becomes the polar head while the hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids become the non-polar tails

27
Q

Phospholipids (

A

Are Are basically triglycerides Except that in place of the 3rd fatty acid attached to glycerol There is a polar phosphate groupbasically.

This portion of the molecule becomes the polar head while the hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids become the non-polar tails

The plasma membrane that surrounds cells consists primarily of a phospholipid bilayer. A plasma membrane is essential to the structure and function of a cell Which sign signifies the importance Of phospholipids to living organisms.

28
Q

Steroids—4 fused rings

A

Steroids areSteroids are lipids with structures that are Entirely different from those of Entirely different from those of triglycerides and phospholipids.

Steroids have skeletons of 4 fused carbon rings

29
Q

Steroids—4 fused rings

A

Steroids areSteroids are lipids with structures that are Entirely different from those of Entirely different from those of triglycerides and phospholipids.

30
Q

Cholesterol

A

Is an essential Component of an animal cell’s plasma membrane Where it provides physical stability

Cholesterol is aa Precursor Of several other steroids

31
Q

Waxes

A

Long chain fatty acids are connected to carbon chains containing alcohol functional groups

32
Q

Proteins

A

Are the primary importance to the structure and function of cells
Proteins are used for metabolism, Structural support (As in hair nails ligaments tendons and skin), Transport By carrier proteins in the plasma membrane, Defense in the form of antibodies, And regulation Buy some hormones that are protein based structures (ex. Insulin And growth hormone.
They are also used in motion With contractile proteins Actin and myosin which cause the muscles to contract.

33
Q

Proteins

A

Are the primary importance to the structure and function of cells
Proteins are used for metabolism, Structural support (As in hair nails ligaments tendons and skin), Transport By carrier proteins in the plasma membrane, Defense in the form of antibodies, And regulation Buy some hormones that are protein based structures (ex. Insulin And growth hormone.
They are also used in motion With contractile proteins Actin and myosin which cause the muscles to contract.

34
Q

Amino acids — protein monomers

A

Proteins are polymers constructed from amino acid monomers.
The name amino acid is used because 1 of the functional groups in the amino acid is NH2, An amino group, And the other Is COOH, An acidic group.

35
Q

Peptide bond

A

Amino acids are linked by dehydration reactions that connect the carboxyl groupgroup Of 1 amino acid to the amino group of another amino acid.
The resulting covalent bond between 2 amino acids is called a peptide bond

36
Q

Peptide bond

A

Amino acids are linked by dehydration reactions That connect the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another amino acid.
The resulting Covalent bond between 2 amino acids is called a Peptide bond.
The atoms associated with the peptide bond share the electrons unevenly.

37
Q

Peptide bond

A

Amino acids are linked by dehydration reactions That connect the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another amino acid.
The resulting Covalent bond between 2 amino acids is called a Peptide bond.
The atoms associated with the peptide bond share the electrons unevenly.

38
Q

Peptide

A

Is 2 or more amino acids bonded together

39
Q

Polypeptide

A

Is a chain of many amino acids joined by peptide bonds

40
Q

Polypeptide

A

Is a chain of many amino acids joined by peptide bonds

41
Q

Polypeptide

A

Is a chain of many amino acids joined by peptide bonds

42
Q

Polypeptide

A

Is a chain of many amino acids joined by peptide bonds

43
Q

Shape of proteins

A

Proteins may have up to 4 levels of structural organization Which include primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

44
Q

Primary structure

A

Is the linear sequence of amino acids

45
Q

Secondary structure

A

Occurs when the polypeptide coils or folds in a particular way

46
Q

Tertiary structure

A

Is the folding that results in the final three dimensional shape of a poly peptide.

Globular proteins which tend to ball up into round shapes, have tertiary structure, and most enzymes are globular proteins .

47
Q

Denatured

A

When a protein loses its natural shape. An organism can die if this happens to too many of it cells.

48
Q

Quaternary structure

A

Some proteins have a quinary structure because they consist of more than one polypeptide.
A protein can only have two poly peptides and still have a quaternary structure .

49
Q

Prions

A

Miss folded proteins that caused other proteins of the same type to fold the wrong way as well.

50
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Are composed of nucleotides and have the ability to store information, including the instructions for life, and conduct chemical reactions.

51
Q

DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid

A

Is one type of nucleic acid that not only stores information about how to copy or replicate itself but also specifies the order in which amino acids are to be joined to make a protein

52
Q

RNA – Ribonucleic acid

A

Another diverse type of nucleic acid that has multiple uses.

53
Q

mRNA - messenger RNA

A

Is a temporary copy of a gene in the DNA that specifies what the amino acid sequence will be during the process of protein synthesis

54
Q

tRNA - transfer RNA

A

Is also necessary and synthesizing proteins, and helps translate the sequence of nucleic acids in a gene into the correct sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis

55
Q

Coenzymes

A

Non-protein, organic molecules that help regulate enzymatic reactions

56
Q

ATP - adenosine triphosphate

A

Is a nucleotide that stores large amounts of energy needed for cellular reactions and for various other energy requiring processes in the cell

57
Q

Nucleotide

A

Is comprised of three types of molecules.
A pentose sugar, a phosphate (phosphoric acid), And a nitrogen containing base

58
Q

Complementary base pairing

A

The bases can be in any order within a strand, but between strands, thymine (T) is always paired with adenine (A), and guanine (G) is always paired with cytosine (C).

59
Q

ATP – adenosine triphosphate

A

Is a nucleotide comprised of adenine and ribose (adenosine) and three phosphates (triphosphate).

60
Q

ADP – adenosine diphosphate

A

In cells hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate bond produces the molecule ADP, a phosphate molecule, and lots of energy used for cellular work

Biology 1: Chapters 1 - 4 (4 decks)

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