Biological Systems and Processes Flashcards
What is respiration?
A chemical reaction that takes place in cells which releases energy in the form of glucose.
What is the equation for aerobic respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water (+ Energy)
When does anaerobic respiration take place?
When the body can’t get enough oxygen.
What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in humans?
Glucose → Lactic Acid (+ Energy)
What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast?
Glucose → Carbon Dioxide and Ethanol (+ Energy)
What is fermentation?
The process in which ethanol is produced to make substances such as beer.
What are some of the roles played by muscles in humans?
Locomotion (movement) of the body, Release and movement of liquids and digested food and Directing of the blood.
Why do muscles need antagonistic pairs?
Because they are only able to contract and relax.
Give an example of an antagonistic muscle pair.
The triceps and biceps, the hamstrings and quadriceps etc.
What are some of the uses of the skeleton?
It supports the organism, protects the organs, it is attached to muscles which allow the body to move and it makes blood cells.
What is the outer layer of a bone made of?
Really strong and hard tissue.
What is the inner layer of a bone made of?
Spongy tissue.
What part of the bone produces blood cells?
Bone marrow.
What is the difference between ligaments and tendons?
A tendon serves to move the bone or structure. A ligament is a fibrous connective tissue which attaches bone to bone, and usually serves to hold structures together and keep them stable.
What is a pivot?
A point in which a rotation happens.
What is it called when a force acts on something that has a pivot?
A ‘turning effect’ happens known as a moment.
What is the equation to calculate the size of a moment?
Moment = force x perpendicular distance
How does deoxygenated blood arrive at the lungs?
Via the pulmonary artery.
How does oxygenated blood return to the heart?
Via the pulmonary vein.
What adaptations do exchange surface areas have to maximise the efficiency of gas exchange?
A thin membrane, a large surface area, goblet and cilia cells which trap particles in mucus, ventilation and a good blood supply.
Why do you continue to breathe heavily after exercise?
Because the lactic acid you have built up during exercise needs oxygen to be broken down. You are repaying your oxygen debt.
What diseases can smoking cause?
Cancers, Emphysema, Bronchitis and Heart diseases and strokes.
What is the disease that damages cilia in the airways, leading to a buildup of mucus?
Bronchitis.
What is the disease that damages the alveoli’ surface area for gas exchange?
Emphysema.
