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Psychology > Biological Rhythms and Sleep > Flashcards

Biological Rhythms and Sleep Flashcards

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1
Q

Circadian Rhythm + Example

A

Occur about once a day.

Eg. Going to sleep/waking up, fluctuation of body temp

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2
Q

Infradian Rhythm + Example

A

Occur less than once a day.

Eg. Menstrual cycle

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3
Q

Endogenous pacemakers

A

Internal factors that influence biological rhythms

Eg suprachiasmatic nucleus

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4
Q

Exogenous zeitgabers

A

External/environmental factors that regulate timing of biological rhythms
Eg. Daylight or alarm clocks

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5
Q

Endogenous pacemakers in sleep wake cycle

A

Suprachiasmatic nuclei

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6
Q

How does the SCN work

A

SCN sends signal to PINEAL GLAND to increase or decrease production of MELATONIN.

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7
Q

Zucker

A

Found that if SCN cells are destroyed then sleep is distrupted.
Suggests SCN plays causal role in maintaining sleep-wake cycle.

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8
Q

Inouye and Kawamura

A

Kept SCN tissue from animals alive in an organ culture seperate from rest of the brain. Even with no light, the cell showed a circadian rhythm.
Suggests SCN had internal circadian rhythm.

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9
Q

Ralph

A

Took SCN from mutant golden hamster with 20hr rhythm and put it in a normal hamster on 24hr cycle. Normal hamster showed shorter rhythm.
SCN plays a role in determining length of the rhythm.

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10
Q

Siffre

A

Lived in a cave for 6 months away from exogenous zeitgabers so his biological clock was ‘free running’. Settled on a 25 hour cycle.
Suggests exog and endog interact.

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11
Q

Skene

A

Found that totally blind people have disrupted sleep wake cycles that do not fit 24 hour cycle.
Suggests external zeitgabers maintain and control the cycle.

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12
Q

Folkard

A

Found that 11/12 people could not sleep properly on 22hrs cycle even though they thought they were on 24hrs.
Suggests endog pace control our sleep wake cycle.

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13
Q

How does light influence the sleep/wake cycle?

A

Low levels of light»detected by photoreceptors in retina»suprachiasmatic nuclei»pineal gland»melatonin released»reduced brain activity»sleepiness

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14
Q

DeCoursey

A

Deactivated SCN in 30 chipmunks and after 80 days significantly more of these chipmunks had been killed.
Suggests that they were more likely to be awake and moving in burrows.

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15
Q

Practical implications of Ez and Ep research

A

Introducing melatonin tablets to increase levels of meletonin and make you feel sleepier.

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16
Q

Nature/Nurture argument

A

Ep - Nature
Ez - Nurture
Interact with one another

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17
Q

Dement and Klietmen

A

Studied 9 people for 61 nights in a sleep lab using EEG. Found there were different patterns of Rem and non Rem sleep

18
Q

Light sleep

A

Theta waves, slightly slower than when awake
Stage 1- may get sensation of eyes rolling back
Stage 2 -sleep spindles (bursts of activity)

19
Q

Slow Wave Sleep (SWS)

A

Delta waves (large, slow wave)
Stage 3
Stage 4 - deepest sleep, growth hormone secreted

20
Q

REM sleep

A

Aka Paradoxical sleep
Rapid Eye Movement
Brain waves similar to waking pattern, body paralysed, dreaming occurs

21
Q

Russell et al

A

Found women’s cycles synced when one woman’s sweaty wipes were rubbed under the others nose.
Suggests that pheromones are an influencing factor

22
Q

McClintock

A

Longitudinal - 135 students aged 17-22

Found that cycles synced for women who spent extended time together

23
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

Oestrogen levels rise causing uterus lining to thicken» Ovulation occurs, an egg is released by an ovary&raquo_space; if the egg is fertilised it attaches to uterus and develops

24
Q

Ultradian Rhythm + Example

A

Occur more than once in 24 hours.

Eg. Eating, stages of sleep

25
Q

Behavioural consequences of disrupting biological rhythms

A

Memory and concentration problems
Lower productivity
Chernobyl disaster occurred between 2-4

26
Q

Emotional/social consequences of disrupting rhythms

A 
Anxiety, irritability, depression 
Relationship problems (particularly in shift work)
27
Q

Physical consequences of disrupting rhythms

A

Sleep problems inc difficulties falling or staying asleep
Appetite problems
Increased risk of heart disease and cancer
Fatigue: Shift workers get 1-4 hrs less sleep per night

28
Q

Phase delay

A

Travel East to West….

29
Q

Backward rotation of shift

A

Nights&raquo_space; Afternoons&raquo_space; Morning

30
Q

Forward rotating shifts

A

Mornings&raquo_space; Afternoons&raquo_space; Nights

31
Q

Czeisler

A

Utah chemical plant operating in backward rotations changing every 7 days.
Changed to forward rotating shift changing every 21 days. Workforce reassessed after 9 months:
Stress levels- decreased
Sleeping problems - decreased
Productivity - increased

32
Q

Rafnsson

A

1,500 flight attendants

Found those who had been for over 5 years had over double the risk of breast cancer

33
Q

Kojo

A

Found no increase in the risk of breast cancer among fight attendants that couldn’t be attributed to other risk factors (eg family history)

34
Q

Filipski

A

Recreated effect of chronic jet lag in mice by repeatedly phase advancing light dark cycle every 2 days.
Found desynchronised mice experienced accelerated tumour growth

35
Q

Schernhammer

A

Used data of over 78000 US nurses and found significant correlation between number of years working shift and risk of breast cancer (even with other factors controlled for)

36
Q

Practical implications for research into distruption of sleep

A

Research on sleep and the impact of shift work should inform the legal decisions made about working patterns.

37
Q

Armstrong

A

Surveyed 3000 Australian parents and found their babies don’t have a regular sleep pattern until 4 month
89% 3 month old babies have daytime naps

38
Q

Van Cauter

A

Studied 149 males (16-83) and followed for 14 years

Found that length of SWS decreased with age.

39
Q

Ohayon

A

Meta analysis of 65 studies found clear evidence of a decline in REM sleep from birth to old age

40
Q

Lifespan changes

A

Newborn babies sleep on average 17hrs a night, 50% of their sleep is REM
5 Year Olds - 25% SWS
Adolescence often show phase delay where they wake up later and go to sleep later
70 Year Olds sleep 6hrs a night, 19% sleep is REM, 19% SWS

41
Q

Evolutionary theory - Energy conservation

A

1) Animals with high metabolic rates will sleep more than animals with low metabolic rate
2) Animals sleep more when food is scares
3) Newborns will sleep longer as they’re smaller
4) Animals will sleep curled in warm places to maintain body temp

42
Q

Zeplin

A

Found negative correlation between animals body size and the amount of sleep they required across 53 species of mammals

Psychology (6 decks)

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