biological rhythms

Question 1

what happens to cognitive function when deprived of sleep?

Answer 1

declines- the part of your brain that controls language, memory, planning and sense of time is severely affected

Question 2

what happens after 17 hours of being awake?

Answer 2

leads to a decrease in performance equivalent to a blood alcohol level of 0.05%

Question 3

what do sleep-deprived individuals have difficulty with?

Answer 3

responding to rapidly changing situations and making rational judgements

Question 4

what are circadian rhythms?

Answer 4

the sleep-wake cycle that repeats every 24 hours- is this rhythm endogenous- occurring naturally? or exogenous- dependent on external cues like light?

Question 5

evidence of endogenous (internal) processes?

Answer 5

• demonstrated in plants in 1729 when a french astronomer kept mimosa plants in the dark and found the leaves opened in the morning and closed at night, even without sunlight.
• in 1972, michel siffre lived in a cave below ground for 2 months. it found his body followed a daily sleep cycle of 24.5 hours, rather than 24. suggests humans have a natural internal body clock.

Question 6

exogenous zeitgebers

Answer 6

light does appear to be crucial in maintaining the 24 hour circadian rhythm.

• campbell and murphy (1998) shone bright lights onto the back of participant’s knees and were able to alter their circadian rhytmns in line with the light exposure.
• possible that blood chemistry was altered and this was detected by the SCN.
• not always the case. social factors reset rhythms, rather than light levels in the arctic circle where it is light for 6 months of the year, but people still sleep for 7 hours avg.

Question 7

how do circadian rhythms work?

Answer 7

in humans the suprachiasmatic nucleus controls the sleep-wake cycle. it is in the hypothalamus- behind the eyes- and receives information about light levels through the optic nerve. SCN seems to be the location of our main body clock.
- there are things we are aware of (awake and asleep) and some we are not (core body temp changes)

Question 8

when does body temp peak?

Answer 8

mid-afternoon around 37.1C and troughs in early hours at 36.7C

Question 9

day to day application

Answer 9

situations where our internal clocks come into conflict with external cues:

• jet lag
• shift work

Question 10

shift work

Answer 10

in the western world, >20% of workers have permanent or rotating unsocial shift patterns. this results in fatigue, sleep disturbance, digestive problems, lack of concentration, memory loss and mood swings.

Question 11

what is shift work compounded by?

Answer 11

reverting to normal sleep patterns on days off, and shift patterns altering from one week to the next. this means that people’s biorhythms are in a permanent state of desynchronisation.

Question 12

what does desynchronisation lead to?

Answer 12

people never adapt to a new rhythm. can result in reduced productivity and risks to their health- heart disease, digestive disorders and regular tiredness. but not everyone has the same tolerance to shifts in their circadian rhythms.

Question 13

fixed shifts

Answer 13

are rare due to being unsociable, but allow the worker to resynchronise to their new pattern- causes problems during weekends or holiday time where they revert back to a normal sleep-rate pattern.

Question 14

rotating shifts

Answer 14

working different hours each week/month. cooper (2005) looked at oil rig workers and found those on split shifts never fully synchronised. tests showed higher levels of circulating fatty acids putting them at risk of CHD and hypertension.

Question 15

what ways can shifts rotate?

Answer 15

clockwise (phase delay) or anticlockwise (phase advance). these can lead to permanent desynchronisation. most research suggests that phase delay is better, but there is disagreement over the speed of rotation

Question 16

speed of rotation

Answer 16

bambra (2008) said a faster rotation of 3/4 days is better so the body never has time to adjust vs czeisler says that 3 weeks is recommended.

Question 17

czeisler

Answer 17

looked to alter shifts to improve employees sleeping patterns and circadian rhythms. workers from the same minerals company in utah were compared- some worked shifts, others did not. the shift workers had their patterns altered to see what improved their well-being. clockwise shifts on a 21-day rotation were preferred. follow ups showed this increased staff retention and productivity.

Question 18

what was czeisler’s study?

Answer 18

a field experiment with a matched group design of participants with comparable jobs.

Question 19

what did initial self reports show?

Answer 19

rotating shift workers experienced significantly more insomnia than non-rotators:

• 29% reported falling asleep at work
• 90% complained schedule changed too often
• 81% reported it took 2-4 days to adjust sleep schedule

Question 20

what did czeisler do?

Answer 20

gave all workers a presentation on circadian rhythms that contained suggestions. put them all on clockwise shifts and put 33 on a weekly rotation and 52 on a 21-day rotation.

Question 21

what were czeisler’s results?

Answer 21

• workers clearly preferred the phase delay shift.
• complaints dropped to 20% on 21-day rotations, and were significantly more satisfied with their schedule than 7-day rotation.
• reported significantly increased scores on a health index
• staff turnover was the same as those on fixed shifts, and productivity increased

Question 22

what did czeisler conclude?

Answer 22

work schedules that rotate by phase delay with an extended interval between each rotation are most compatible with the properties of the human circadian system. however any new schedule must take into consideration the nature of work and the needs of workers.

Question 23

strategies to reduce the effect of jet lag or shift work

Answer 23

• schedule changes
• behavioural interventions
• controlled exposure to light and dark
• drugs to promote sleep and wakefulness

Question 24

schedule changes

Answer 24

• workers have the same shifts with no rotation- although this causes problems for permanent night shift workers on days off- hard to find/keep staff.
• rapidly rotating shifts can improve sleep length and leisure activities, improve blood pressure and reduce use of stimulants.
• giving shifts to those with greater tolerance for abnormal schedules or allow to choose shifts- increase job satisfaction and work-life balance?
• but studies tend to generalise one type of workplace

Question 25

behavioural interventions

Answer 25

• few studies done, but they do suggest that shift workers should increase their physical activity and make positive changes, e.g. diet. should mitigate against increased risk of illness.
• power naps. body temp is lowest between 3-6am and shift workers report feeling cold, shaky and nauseous. hot drink/food can help with resilience. taking short naps 20-45 mins can reduce risk of fatigue and improve concentration and reflexes.

Question 26

controlled exposure to light and dark

Answer 26

light exposure during the night is the key variable that links shift workers to negative health outcomes.
- bright light treatment using a light box is used to suppress melatonin release, increase body temp and control production in workers during night shifts.
- light blocking glasses are used to have the opposite effect in the morning after work.
evidence suggests this can aid circadian adaptation with melatonin then released during day time sleep.

Question 27

drugs to promote sleep, wakefulness and adaptation

Answer 27

melatonin is a hormone produced by the body as part of the circadian rhythm. higher levels released in the dark cause sleepiness.

• melatonin pills may be bought without prescription to help sleep during the day, and align the circadian rhythm with working at night.
• hypnotics and sleep-inducing drugs used to lengthen sleep following night shifts.
• stimulants can be used to increase alertness, but these are addictive long-term and can cause side effects inc. paranoia and irregular heartbeat.

Question 28

impact of disruption to biological rhythms on our behaviour

Answer 28

peter tripp stayed awake for 201 hours in 1959.
- had hallucinations five days into the experiment
- became moody and depressed
- shortly after, found giolty to taking money from record companies to
sleep deprivation has extreme impact on behaviour