Biological molecules - Proteins Flashcards

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1
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

proteins are made up of many amino acids that are bonded together into a polypeptide.

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2
Q

What is an amino acid? (or draw and label one)

A

Each amino acid has the same fundamental structure, which consists of a central carbon atom, also known as the alpha carbon, bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and to a hydrogen atom. Every amino acid also has another atom or group of atoms bonded to the central atom known as the R group. This R group, or side chain, gives each amino acid proteins specific characteristics, including size, polarity, and pH.

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3
Q

How do two amino acids link together to form a dipeptide? Name the reaction type and bonds formed.

A

A dipeptide is formed when two Amino acids join together by one Peptide bond. This happens via a Condensation Reaction. The bond between the two amino acids forms between the carboxyl group on one and the amino group on another.

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4
Q

What is the primary structure?

A

The sequence of amino acids in a protein chain is called the primary structure.

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5
Q

What are the bonds involved in the primary structure?

A

Polypeptide bonds

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6
Q

What is the secondary structure?

A

The chain of amino acids is twisted into a shape which is the secondary structure. Some chains coil into a alpha helix and other chains fold very slightly into a zig zag called the beta pleated sheet.

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7
Q

What are the bonds involved in the secondary structure?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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8
Q

What is the tertiary structure?

A

When the coil pleats itself start to fold, along with areas of straight chains of amino acids.

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9
Q

What bonds are involved in the tertiary structure?

A

Ionic and hydrogen bonds, disulphide bridges

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10
Q

What is the quaternary structure?

A

Many proteins are made up of many polypeptide chains. The quaternary structure describes how multiple polypeptide chains are arranged to make the complete protein molecule.

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11
Q

What bonds are involved in the quaternary structure?

A

Ionic and hydrogen bonds, disulphide bridges

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12
Q

What is the difference between a globular and fibrous protein?

A

Fibrous proteins are generally composed of long and narrow strands and have a structural role (they are something) whereas globular proteins generally have a more compact and rounded shape and have functional roles (they do something).

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13
Q

Name the fibrous proteins.

A

Collagen, Keratin and Elastin

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14
Q

Name the globular proteins.

A

Haemoglobin, Insulin and pepsin.

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