Biological molecules p 45-50 Flashcards
Written by studying me-- Main points
What are the 4 most common elements?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
Name the three types of macromolecules
- polysaccharides
- protein (polypeptides)
- nucleic acids (polynucleotides)
What monomers are polysaccharides made up of?
monosaccharides
What monomers are proteins made up of?
amino acids
What monomers are nucleic acids made up of?
nucleotides
What happens in condensation?
Chemical reaction in which two monomers are joined together by the removal of a water molecule. This reaction is repeated several times.
What happens in hydrolysis?
A chemical reaction in which a chemical bond of a polymer is broken down by adding a water molecule.
What is a covalent bond?
Atoms are joined by sharing electrons.
How are monomers joined together?
By covalent bonds, which are relatively strong.
Give three examples of covalent bonds.
glycosidic bond
ester bond
peptide bond
Give the ratio of H to O in carbs.
2:1
What are the three carbs?
monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides
What is a monosaccharide?
a sugar, a single sugar molecule
Name the three monosaccharides.
trioses
pentoses
hexoses
Examples of pentoses?
ribose (used in RNA)
deoxyribose (used in DNA)
Examples of hexoses?
glucose
galactose
fructose
What is the formula for a monosaccharide?
(CH O) 2 n
CxHyCx
What is the formula for a carb?
Cx(H2O)y
How do two glucose molecules join?
Carbon 1 joins to Carbon 5’s Oxygen. Carbon 6 is lost.
If the hydroxyl group is above..
beta glucose
If the hydroxyl group is below..
alpha glucose
What is isomers?
two (or more forms) of the same chemical
What are the two functions of monosaccharides?
- source of energy in respiration
- build larger molecules eg: polysaccharides
How is energy released from monosaccharides?
(By bresking which bonds)
There is a large release of energy by breaking down hydrogen carbonate bonds.
The energy released from monosaccharides transferred to do what?
The energy is transferred to make ATP (adenosine triphosphate) from ADP and phosphate.
What is a disaccharide?
a sugar, a sugar molecule of two joined monosaccharides
What are the three disaccharides?
maltose, sucrose, lactose
What is maltose made up of?
glucose+glucose
What is sucrose made up of?
glucose+fructose
What is lactose made up of?
glucose+galactose
Describe hydrolysis in digestion.
Di and poly are digested into mono by hydrolysis
Explain the condensation between two disaccharides.
Two hydroxyl groups are alongside each other. One group joins to the oxygen of th next group, to form a water molecule.
Define glycosidic bond.
a C-O-C link between two sugar molecules
Any two hydroxyl can bind, except that is not true. Why.
Enzymes in the reaction can determine which two can bind.
What are polysaccharides?
not sugars, made up of many monosaccharides
Name the three polysaccharides.
cellulose
starch
glycogen
Why can’t glucose be stored as glucose in a cell?
reactive- disturbs cell chemistry
dissolves- cell content is too concentrated
How is glucose stored in humans and plants?
Storage polysaccharides (unreactive, insoluble):
human-> glycogen
plant-> starch
