Biological molecules p 45-50

Question 1

What are the 4 most common elements?

Answer 1

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

Question 2

Name the three types of macromolecules

Answer 2

• polysaccharides
• protein (polypeptides)
• nucleic acids (polynucleotides)

Question 3

What monomers are polysaccharides made up of?

Answer 3

monosaccharides

Question 4

What monomers are proteins made up of?

Answer 4

amino acids

Question 4

What monomers are nucleic acids made up of?

Answer 4

nucleotides

Question 5

What happens in condensation?

Answer 5

Chemical reaction in which two monomers are joined together by the removal of a water molecule. This reaction is repeated several times.

Question 6

What happens in hydrolysis?

Answer 6

A chemical reaction in which a chemical bond of a polymer is broken down by adding a water molecule.

Question 7

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 7

Atoms are joined by sharing electrons.

Question 8

How are monomers joined together?

Answer 8

By covalent bonds, which are relatively strong.

Question 9

Give three examples of covalent bonds.

Answer 9

glycosidic bond
ester bond
peptide bond

Question 10

Give the ratio of H to O in carbs.

Answer 10

2:1

Question 11

What are the three carbs?

Answer 11

monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides

Question 12

What is a monosaccharide?

Answer 12

a sugar, a single sugar molecule

Question 13

Name the three monosaccharides.

Answer 13

trioses
pentoses
hexoses

Question 14

Examples of pentoses?

Answer 14

ribose (used in RNA)
deoxyribose (used in DNA)

Question 15

Examples of hexoses?

Answer 15

glucose
galactose
fructose

Question 16

What is the formula for a monosaccharide?

Answer 16

(CH O) 2 n

CxHyCx

Question 17

What is the formula for a carb?

Answer 17

Cx(H2O)y

Question 18

How do two glucose molecules join?

Answer 18

Carbon 1 joins to Carbon 5’s Oxygen. Carbon 6 is lost.

Question 19

If the hydroxyl group is above..

Answer 19

beta glucose

Question 20

If the hydroxyl group is below..

Answer 20

alpha glucose

Question 21

What is isomers?

Answer 21

two (or more forms) of the same chemical

Question 22

What are the two functions of monosaccharides?

Answer 22

1. source of energy in respiration
2. build larger molecules eg: polysaccharides

Question 23

How is energy released from monosaccharides?

(By bresking which bonds)

Answer 23

There is a large release of energy by breaking down hydrogen carbonate bonds.

Question 24

The energy released from monosaccharides transferred to do what?

Answer 24

The energy is transferred to make ATP (adenosine triphosphate) from ADP and phosphate.

Question 25

What is a disaccharide?

Answer 25

a sugar, a sugar molecule of two joined monosaccharides

Question 26

What are the three disaccharides?

Answer 26

maltose, sucrose, lactose

Question 27

What is maltose made up of?

Answer 27

glucose+glucose

Question 28

What is sucrose made up of?

Answer 28

glucose+fructose

Question 29

What is lactose made up of?

Answer 29

glucose+galactose

Question 30

Describe hydrolysis in digestion.

Answer 30

Di and poly are digested into mono by hydrolysis

Question 31

Explain the condensation between two disaccharides.

Answer 31

Two hydroxyl groups are alongside each other. One group joins to the oxygen of th next group, to form a water molecule.

Question 32

Define glycosidic bond.

Answer 32

a C-O-C link between two sugar molecules

Question 33

Any two hydroxyl can bind, except that is not true. Why.

Answer 33

Enzymes in the reaction can determine which two can bind.

Question 34

What are polysaccharides?

Answer 34

not sugars, made up of many monosaccharides

Question 35

Name the three polysaccharides.

Answer 35

cellulose
starch
glycogen

Question 36

Why can’t glucose be stored as glucose in a cell?

Answer 36

reactive- disturbs cell chemistry
dissolves- cell content is too concentrated

Question 37

How is glucose stored in humans and plants?

Answer 37

Storage polysaccharides (unreactive, insoluble):
human-> glycogen
plant-> starch