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biology > biological molecules (nucleic acids) > Flashcards

biological molecules (nucleic acids) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a nucleic acid

A

a polymer chain of nucleotides

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2
Q

what does a nucleotide consist of

A

a pentose sugar, nitrogenous base and a phosphate

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3
Q

what are the four possible bases in DNA

A

adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine

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4
Q

which bases are purine

A

adenine and guanine

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5
Q

which bases a pyrimidine

A

cytosine and thymine

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6
Q

what is the difference between purine and pyrimidine

A

purine has two carbon-nitrogen rings compared to one

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7
Q

which base changes in RNA

A

thymine turns into uracil

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8
Q

what is the difference between DNA and RNA

A

DNA is a double stranded polynucleotide whereas RNA is a single stranded polynucleotide

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9
Q

what are ADP and ATP

A

phosphorylated nucleotides

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10
Q

how is ATP synthesised

A

through using energy from respiration to create a bond between an inorganic phosphate and an ADP molecule. ATP synthase aids this reaction

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11
Q

how is ATP used as an energy store

A

it is used as an effective short term energy store as the third phosphate bond can be broken to release energy into cells immediately and then can be phosphrlated into ATP again. However the phosphate bonds are unstable meaning they cant stay in the body for too long successfully.

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12
Q

what sugar does ATP use

A

ribose

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13
Q

what is an phosphoester bond

A

the bond between the phosphate and the sugar creating the sugar phosphate backbone at the 5th carbon

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14
Q

what is a phosphdiester bond

A

it links two nucleotides together by the 3rd carbon

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15
Q

how does a DNA strand form

A

when complementary bases join together by hydrogen bonding, two between A,T and three between C,G. they are anitparralel so the strands twist making the double helix.

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16
Q

what does anitparraelll mean

A

running in opposite directions so one is 5 prime and one is 3 prime

17
Q

what is the 1st step of DNA replication

A

DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between bases

18
Q

what is the 2nd step

A

each original strand acts as a template where free floating nucleotides join exposed bases, they join to the one complementary to them.

19
Q

what is the third step

A

DNA joins nucleotides by phosphodiester bonds to create two new strands, hydrogen bonds form between bases meaning the double helix shape forms

20
Q

what does semi conservative mean

A

one strand of each DNA is from the original

21
Q

what is a triplet code

A

3 bases which code for an amino acid

22
Q

what are the three types of RNA

A

messenger, transfer and ribosomal

23
Q

what is the genetic code

A

sequence of codons which code for specific amino acids

24
Q

what does non overlapping mean

A

each codon is separate to the next

25
Q

what does degenerate mean

A

each amino acid can be coded for in different ways by different codons

26
Q

what does universal mean

A

the same codons code for the same amino acids in all organisms

27
Q

what is the first step of transcription

A

RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA strand, the hydrogen bonds break between the strands meaning two separate strands are formed (DNA helicase breaks the bonds)

28
Q

what is the second step

A

free RNA nucleotides line up against the complementary bases creating a complementary copy of the template DNA strand

29
Q

what is the third step

A

the mRNA is assembled by the RNA polymerase, the DNA hydrogen bonds reform meaning it returns to normal

30
Q

what is the first step of translation

A

the mRNA is held in the ribosome and complementary anticodons from tRNA are linked by bases. the tRNA carries an amino acid which has the same codon sequence as the orginal DNA sequence

31
Q

what is the second step

A

a second tRNA anticodon attaches in the same way, rRNA catalyses the formation of peptide bonds between the amino acids. After the bond is created the tRNA moves away leaving the amino acid in the chain

32
Q

what is the third step

A

a third tRNA makes the second one leave in the same way, this process repeats creating polypeptide chain until there is a stop codon

biology (10 decks)

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