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Biology > Biological Molecules And Human Nutrition > Flashcards

Biological Molecules And Human Nutrition Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are glucose and starch?

A

Carbohydrates

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2
Q

Glucose formula

A

C6H12O6

Monosaccharide

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3
Q

Glucose nutritional sources?

A

Sweet tasting foods

Such as fruits and vegetables

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4
Q

Function of glucose in the body?

A

Short-term energy source

Broken down in respiration to release energy

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5
Q

Starch formula?

A

C6H10O5

Polysaccharide

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6
Q

Nutritional sources of starch?

A

Bread
Pasta
Potato

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7
Q

Starch function in the body?

A

Converted into glucose for energy

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8
Q

Protein chemical elements?

A

Organic compounds that contain

Nitrogen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

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9
Q

Nutritional sources of protein?

A

Meat
Fish
Nuts

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10
Q

Function of protein in the body?

A

Cell repair and growth

Making hormones, enzymes, cell membranes

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11
Q

Lipids chemical elements?

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

The hydrogen-oxygen ratio is always greater than 2:1

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12
Q

Lipids nutritional sources?

A

Oil

Butter

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13
Q

Lipids function in the body?

A

Insulation

Energy store

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14
Q

The chemical test for glucose?

A

Benedict’s test

Add a few drops of Benedicts reagent blue

Turns orange if glucose is present

You have to heat it in a water bath at about 60degrees

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15
Q

Chemical test for starch?

A

Iodine test

Add iodine reagent

Orange-yellow - blue-black

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16
Q

How do enzymes act as biological catalysts?

A

Enzymes are proteins functioning as catalysts that speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy

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17
Q

How are enzymes affected by temperature?

A

If the temperature hits 40 degrees or above the enzyme will become denatured

If the temperature fell, the rate of reaction would decrease because the molecules would have less kinetic energy, so collide less and bind less frequently at the active site

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18
Q

How are enzymes affected by pH?

A

Enzymes have an optimum pH

If it changed substantially the rate of reaction would decrease because the enzyme would denature and the active site’s shape would change and therefore the substrate would no longer be able to fit into the active site

19
Q

Describe the process of ingestion..

A

Taking food into the body through the mouth

Mechanical digestion

20
Q

Digestion?

A

The chemical and mechanical breakdown of food. It converts large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules, which can be absorbed into the blood

21
Q

Absorption?

A

Digested food molecules pass through the wall of the small intestine and into our bloodstream

22
Q

Assimilation?

A

Where digested food molecules are distributed around the body by the blood system

The soluble food molecules are absorbed from the blood into cells of tissues and are used to build new parts of cells

23
Q

Egestion?

A

Removal of faeces by the body

24
Q

Enzyme(s) involved in the digestion of starch?

A

Salivary amylase

Pancreatic amylase

25
Q

Where is amylase produced?

A

In the pancreas

26
Q

Where is starch digested?

A

In the mouth

In the small intestine

27
Q

What is starch broken down into?

A

Starch
Maltose
Glucose

28
Q

Enzyme(s) involved in the breakdown of protein?

A

Pepsin

Trypsin

29
Q

Where is pepsin produced?

A

In the stomach

30
Q

Where is trypsin produced?

A

In the pancreas

31
Q

Where are proteins digested?

A

In the stomach

In the small intestine

32
Q

What are the products of the digestion of protein?

A

Stomach:

Proteins to peptides by pepsin

Small intestine:

Proteins to peptides by trypsin
Peptides to amino acids by peptidases

33
Q

Enzyme(s) involved in the digestion of lipids?

A

Lipase

34
Q

Where is lipase produced?

A

In the pancreas

35
Q

Where are lipids digested?

A

In the small intestine

36
Q

Products of the digestion of lipids?

A

Lipase turns lipids into fatty acid and glycerol

37
Q

The roles of bile?

A

Neutralises stomach acid
It’s an alkali

Turns any large lipid globules in the food into an emulsion of tiny droplets.
This increases the surface area of the lipid so that lipase enzymes can break it down more easily

38
Q

How does the structure of the small intestine and the villi help the process of digestion?

A

Very long intestine- large surface area

Folds in lining- larger SA

Villi- larger SA

It can quickly and efficiently absorb the soluble products of digestion into the blood

39
Q

Define the process of excretion

A

The removal of waste products from the body

40
Q

Substance(s) excreted from the lungs?

A

Carbon dioxide

Water vapour

41
Q

What is excreted from the skin?

A

Urea
Salts
Water

42
Q

What is excreted from the kidneys?

A

Urea

Water

43
Q

Describe the process of ultrafiltration

A

The high hydrostatic pressure forces small molecules such as water, glucose, amino acids, sodium chloride and urea through the filter, from the blood in the glomerular capsule into the bowman’s capsule then the nephron

44
Q

define the process of excretion

A

The process of removing waste from the body

Biology (12 decks)

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