Biological Molecules Flashcards
Covalent Bonding?
Atoms share a pair of electrons in the outer shells,
Creates a stable molecule.
Polar Molecule?
Electrons aren’t evenly distributed and spend more time in one place of the atom,
Higher charge at one side,
Molecule is polarised.
Polymer?
Monomers make up a polymer (long chain/),
Formed by polymerisation,
Monomers of polymers are carbon based.
Monomers?
Monomers sub-units link to make long chains,
They are carbon based.
Ionic Bonding?
Ions with opposite charges attract,
Electrostatic attraction is an ionic bond.
Hydrogen Bonding?
Negative region of a polarised molecule and positive region of another molecule attract,
Weak electrostatic bond is formed,
Can alter physical properties of molecules (especially effective for water).
Polysaccharides?
They are polymers formed by combining many monosaccharide molecules,
Basic sub-unit is a monosaccharide (single sugar such as glucose),
They are monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds,
Glycosidic bonds are formed by condensation reactions,
Larger molecules,
They are insoluble which makes them useful for storage,
Some polysaccharides (such as cellulose) aren’t used for storage and are used for structural purposes in plants.
Polynucleotides?
Made of mono nucleotide sub-units.
Polypeptides?
Linked together peptides,
Have amino acids as the basic sub-unit.
Examples Of Industrialised Polymers?
Polythene and polyesters.
Examples Of Natural Polymers?
Polysaccharides,
Polypeptides,
Polynucleotides,
Made naturally by living organisms.
Condensation Reaction?
Formation of polymers in organisms,
Every tune a new sub-unit is attached, a H2O molecule forms.
Hydrolysis Reaction?
Polymers can also be broken down from addition of water.
Example Of A Condensation Reaction?
Formation of polypeptides from amino acids,
Formation of polysaccharide starch from monosaccharide glucose.
Reactions Of Molecules (Condensation/Hydrolosis)?
Nucleotides > Polynucleotides (Nucleic acids),
Monosaccharides > Polysaccharides (Carbohydrates),
Fatty Acids > Lipids,
Glycerol > Lipids,
Amino Acids > Polypeptides (Proteins),
All condensation reactions (>) and all reverse (hydrolysis).
Molar Solution?
A solution containing 1 mol of solute in 1 litre of solution.
Metabolism?
All chemical processes that take place in living organisms are collectively called metabolism.
Carbon Life?
Carbon very readily forms bonds,
This allows many varied carbon atoms in sequences,
Allows for different species to be made.
Example Of A Polysaccharide?
Starch,
Found in plants,
Joins from 200 - 100,000 a-glucose by glycosidic bonds.
Monosaccharides?
Sweet tasting, soluble substances,
General formula (CH2O)n,
Examples: glucose, galactose and fructose.
Number Names?
Mono - one, Di - two, Tri - three, Tetra- four, Pentra - five, Hexa - six, Poly - many.
A Glucose?
H at top on both sides,
OH at bottom on both sides.
B Glucose?
H at left top and OH at right top,
OH at left bottom and H at right bottom.
Test For Reducing Sugars?
All monosaccharides and some disaccharides are reducing sugars,
Reduction is a chemical reaction involving the gain of electrons,
You do the Benedicts test.