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Biological Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

What is our body made up of?

A

-62% of water
-16% of protein
-1% of Carbohydrates
-10% of fats
-6% of calcium
-Other elements such as phosphorus
-DNA is less than 1% of our mass

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2
Q

Define carbohydrates?

A

-Substances that involve sugars,starch and cellulose
-They contain oxygen,hydrogen and carbon

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3
Q

Define Sugar?

A

-Carbohydrates that have relatively small molecules
-They have soluble in water and they taste sweet

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4
Q

Define Glucose?

A

-A Sugar that is used in respiration to release energy

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5
Q

Define Glycogen

A

-A Carbohydrate that is used as an energy store in animal cells

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6
Q

Define Starch?

A

-A carbohydrate that is used as an energy store in plant cells

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7
Q

What makes up carbohydrates?

A

-Carbohydrates include starch,cellulose and sugar
-Made up of carbon,hydrogen and oxygen

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8
Q

What are the simplest type of carbohydrates?

A

-Sugars are the simplest carbohydrates
-They taste sweet when are soluble in water
-Common example is Glucose(C6H12O6)

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9
Q

How is glucose used?

A

-Glucose is used to transport carbohydrates around the body
-It does this by dissolving in blood plasmids which dissolve it to every cell. Cells need glucose for energy

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10
Q

How is Glycogen formed?

A

-When glucose molecules link together in chains to form larger molecules in animals the larger molecules are glycogen

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11
Q

What does the liver do to aid in this process?

A

-The liver helps to keep the concentration of glucose in the blood consistent,If there is too much glucose in the blood the liver links glucose molecules together to make glycogen
-The liver stores glycogen,it can be broken down to glucose if the body needs it.
-Glycogen is only in animals

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12
Q

What is starch?

A

-Starch is glucose molecules linked together in a different way in plants only
-It can be broken down to form glucose again when and if the plant needs it

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13
Q

What is the other carbohydrate made by plants?

A

-The other carbohydrate is cellulose
-Cellulose is made of glucose molecules linked in a chain to form stronger lines instead of coiling into a spiral
-Cellulose is used in plants to make cell walls as it is strong and protects the cell

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14
Q

Define Iodine solution?

A

-A Solution of Iodine in potassium iodine. It is orange brown and turns black when it mixes with starch

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15
Q

Define Benedict’s solution?

A

-A blue liquid that turns orange-red when heated with reducing sugars

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16
Q

Define Reducing sugars?

A

-Sugars such as glucose,which turn Benedict’s solution orange-red when heated together

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17
Q

How do you detect the presence of starch?

A

-The presence of starch can be detected using iodine solution
-If the iodine solution changes to blue black then iodine is present
-If it changes to Orange-brown then starch is not present

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18
Q

How do you detect the presence of sugars?

A

-The presence of reducing sugars can be detected using Benedict’s solution
-If a chemical change occurs from blue to green to yellow to red then sugar is present the more further it changes the more starch is present . Blue being none,red being the most
-Is it stays blue and no colour change occurs then sugar is not present

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19
Q

Define Fats?

A

-Lipids that are solid at room temperature

20
Q

Define oils?

A

-Lipids that are liquid at room temperature

21
Q

Define lipids?

A

-Substances containing carbon,hydrogen and oxygen
-They are insoluble in water and are used at stored energy in organisms

22
Q

Define emulsion?

A

-A liquid containing two substances that do not fully mix
-One of them form tiny droplets dispersed throughout the others

23
Q

What is the key difference between fats and lipids?

A

-Fats are solid at room temperature
Lipids are liquid at room temperature
-Lipids are also known as oils and liquids

24
Q

What makes up fats and lipids?

A

-Fats and Oils contain carbon,hydrogen and oxygen
-In fats each molecule contains less oxygen than in carbohydrate

25
What are the kinds of smaller molecules that make up fat molecules?
-Fat molecules are made up two kinds of of smaller molecules -These are glycogen and fatty acids. They join together to create a fat molecule. -Glycogen has 3 long molecules called fatty acids attached to it.
26
What are fats used for by the body?
-Fats are important for making cell membranes in animals -It also acts as stored fat and acts as an energy supply. It creates a layer of cells containing fat droplets beneath the skin in mammals -This acts as a heat insulating layer and energy store
27
What substance does fats dissolve in?
-Fats and Oils are insoluble in water and do not dissolve in water -They dissolve in ethanol,which is used to test for fats
28
What are the steps for an emulsion test?
-Firstly take the food and shake it with ethanol resolving in fats dissolving in the ethanol. -Then pour the ethanol into a clean tube contains water. If fats are present the ethanol will form tiny droplets giving a milky appearance . -The mixture of tiny droplets in the water is called an emulsion hence its name emulsion test -If fats are not present then no colour change will appear and will stay transparent
29
Define protein?
-A substance whose molecules are made of many amino acids linked together -Each different protein has a different sequence of amino acids
30
Define Amino acids?
-Substances with molecules contains carbon,hydrogen,oxygen and nitrogen . -There are 20 different amino acids found in organisms
31
Define antibodies?
-Molecules secreted by white blood cells which bind to pathogens which help to destroy them from the organism
32
Define pathogens?
-Microorganism that cause diseases such as bacteria
33
Define Keratin?
-The protein that forms hair
34
Define Biuret solution?
-A blue solution that turns purple when mixed with amino acids or proteins
35
Define nucleotides?
-Molecules that are linked together into long chains to make up a DNA molecule
36
Define base?
-One of the components of DNA. -There are four bases(A,C,G,T) and their sequence determines the protein that are made in the cell
37
Define Complementary base pairing?
-The way in which the bases of the two strands of DNA pair up -A always pairs with T and C always pairs up with G
38
What makes up protein?
-Protein is made up of Carbon,Hydrogen and Oxygen with Nitrogen and Sulphur in small amount -A protein molecule is made up of long chains of smaller molecules known as amino acids There are Twenty different types of Amino acids
39
How does each amino acids link together to form a protein molecule?
-Each protein molecules has different amino acids linked together in a precise order. If an amino acid is changed or moved into a different place we get a different protein molecule formed -There is an infinite amount of protein molecules that can be formed
40
What are the functions and use of protein?
-Protein is used by the body to form enzymes and antibodies to help protect the body against pathogens. -It also helps create Haemoglobin the red pigment that transports oxygen in blood in blood -Human hair and fingernails are made up of Keratin which is a protein
41
How do you detect the presence of protein?
-To test for protein we used buret reagent. -If protein are present,a colour change occurs from blue to violet -If protein is not present no colour change occurs
42
How do you detect the presence of vitamin C?
-To test for Vitamin C we use DCIP -If vitamin C is present a colour change will occur from purple to a colourless liquid -If vitamin C is not present no colour change will occur and solution stays purple
43
What is DNA? and where is it stored?
-DNA is the material that makes up our genes and chromosomes. -It is stored in the nucleus of every cell apart from in red blood cells due to them not having a nucleus. -DNA is inherited from the organism’s parents
44
What is the function of DNA?
-DNA carries a code which instructs the cell which amino acids linked together in which the sequence to make protein -The sequence of bases determine which amino acids are used in building a protein molecule -DNA also determines almost everything about an organism’s body structure and metabolic reactions
45
Describe the structure of DNA?
-DNA is made up of smaller molecules called nucleotides. Each nucleotides contains a base -There are four bases(A,C,G,T) -A DNA molecule contains two chains of nucleotides coiled around each other
46
What are complementary base pairings?
-When the two chains or strands are held together by bonds that from between the bases or opposite strands. -A always forms with T and C always with G

Biology (5 decks)

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