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Biological Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A large molecule made of many small repeating units called monomers
(These monomers join together in a long chain to form a polymer)

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2
Q

What is a biological molecule?

A

Molecules that are found in living organisms and are produced by cells
—> carbohydrates, proteins, lipids

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3
Q

What is a nutrient?

A

Substances that are needed for growth, repair and metabolism

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4
Q

What atoms are carbohydrates made from?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
CHO

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5
Q

What are smallest carbohydrates called?

A

Simple sugars/monomers

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6
Q

What are some monomers of carbohydrates?

A

Glucose
Fructose

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7
Q

What can carbohydrate monomers join together to form?

A

Complex carbohydrate/polymer

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8
Q

What are some examples of polymers (carbohydrates)

A

Glycogen
Starch
Cellulose

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9
Q

What are between monomers?

A

Chemical bonds

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10
Q

What happens if the chemical bonds between monomers are broken?

A

The complex carbohydrate (polymer) can be broken down into simple carbohydrates (monomers)

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11
Q

Example of the chemical bonds between monomers being broken down (carbohydrates)

A

Starch (polymer) can be broken down into glucose molecules (monomers)
—> carried out by enzymes in the mouth and small intestine

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12
Q

Cellular respiration equation

A

Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water (+energy)

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13
Q

What is the Benedict’s test, test for?

A

Simple sugars like glucose

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14
Q

What colour will the liquid be if there is glucose present (Benedict’s test)?

A

Brick red

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15
Q

What colour will the liquid be if there is no glucose present (Benedict’s test)?

A

Green

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16
Q

What colour will the liquid be if there is starch present?

A

Blue/black

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17
Q

What colour will the liquid be if there is no starch present?

A

Orange

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18
Q

What are proteins important for?

A

Growth and repair

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19
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

Long chains of amino acids bonded together

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20
Q

Monomers of protein

A

Amino acids

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21
Q

Polymers of protein

A

Protein
E.g. enzymes, hormones

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22
Q

Which atoms are proteins made from?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
CHON

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23
Q

Why does the enzyme work slower at lower temperatures?

A

The enzyme and substrate have less kinetic energy so there are fewer collisions

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24
Q

What happens to the enzyme at higher temperatures?

A

It is denatured
—> and the active site will no longer fit the substrate

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25
What does the Biuret test, test for?
Proteins
26
What colour will the liquid be if protein is present?
Purple
27
What colour will the liquid be if no protein is present?
Blue
28
What are lipids?
Fats and oils
29
Fat
Lipid that is solid at room temperature
30
Oil
Lipid that is liquid at room temperature
31
What does a lipid contain (structure)
A single glycerol molecule attached to three fatty acid molecules
32
What determines whether the lipid is a fat or an oil?
The length and structure of the three fatty acid molecules
33
Which atoms are lipids made of?
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen CHO
34
Why are lipids not polymers?
They aren’t formed from long chains of monomers —> they are macromolecules
35
Monomers of lipids
Glycerol Fatty acids
36
What are lipids used for?
As an energy store Protection and insulation
37
What can too much lipids lead to?
High cholesterol Obesity Heart disease
38
What is the test for lipids?
Sudan III/ethanol/emulsion test
39
What colour will the liquid be if lipids are present?
Cloudy
40
What do nuclei acids carry?
Genetic information that gives instructions for how to make proteins
41
Where are nucleic acids present?
Inside the nuclei of a cell
42
Which atoms are nucleic acids made from?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus CHONP
43
What are monomers of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides, A T C G U
44
Polymers of nucleic acids
DNA RNA
45
Why do we need carbohydrates?
They provide energy for the body
46
Why do we need proteins?
Growth Repair of tissues Enzymes
47
Why do we need lipids?
Energy storage Protection Insulation Cell membranes
48
What is an enzyme?
Specific proteins that are really important for reactions Chains of 100-1000 amino acids folded into a 3D shape Biological catalyst They speed up the rate of a metabolic reaction without being used up or changed in the process
49
What is the active site?
Part of the enzyme where the substrate binds —> enzymes and substrates fit perfectly together
50
Enzyme process of binding:
1) the substrate binds to the active site forming an enzyme - substrate complex 2) the product leaves the enzyme, the enzyme is unchanged so can do the process again
51
Which reactions can enzymes catalyse?
Decomposition/breakdown reactions Synthesis reactions (two substrates merging into one)
52
What factor can affect enzymes?
Denaturation The shape of the enzyme is really important so that the active site fits the substrate
53
What holds the active site in its shape?
Chemical bonds
54
What happens if these chemical bonds get interfered with?
1) the shape changes 2) active site no longer fits the substrate 3) enzyme cannot catalyse the reaction
55
What 2 factors affect enzyme activity?
Temperature pH
56
High temperature (affecting enzyme activity)
More energy —> energy is used as kinetic energy More heat means: More kinetic energy More vibrations More collisions More force when colliding Faster rate
57
Low temperature (affecting enzyme activity)
Particles have little energy So little vibration So fewer collisions - substrates not colliding with enzymes Slower rate
58
Peak of the graph (temperature affecting enzymes) is …
The optimum temperature for the reaction
59
What happens if you increase the temperature too much?
So much vibration that too many bonds break and changes the active site —> denaturation Reaction slows Rate decreases
60
What is the pH of stomach enzymes?
pH2
61
What is the pH of small intestine enzymes?
pH7
62
What is pH?
Scale of how acidic or alkaline something is
63
What can changes to the pH also change?
Change the shape of the active site as the bonds holding the enzyme together may change —> therefore, the substrate can no longer fit into the active site forming
64
What do different enzymes have?
Different optimum pH’s
65
Where does pepsin work?
Stomach
66
Where does amylase work?
Mouth Small intestines
67
What do we call the biological reactions in our body?
Metabolic
68
What is a substrate?
The substance that the enzymes builds up or breaks down
69
What do we call the temperature where the enzyme works fastest?
Optimum
70
What word describes the way the enzyme and active site fit together like a lock and key?
Complementary
71
What is an enzyme made of?
Protein
72
When does an enzyme become denatured (pH)
When the pH is too high or too low
73
What do we call the types of transport that don’t require any energy?
Passive
74
What factor speeds up diffusion by increasing the number of particles available to move?
Increased concentration gradient
75
What factor speeds up diffusion by particles more energy, making them move faster?
Increased temperature
76
What factor speeds up diffusion by increasing the area available for particles to move into?
Increased surface area
77
Why do red blood cells burst in a solution of pure water?
Water moves in by osmosis and they have no cell wall
78
What happens to plant cells in a solution of pure water?
They are turgid - the cell membrane pushes against the cell wall
79
What happens to plant cells in a solution of salty water?
They are plasmolysed - the cell membrane shrinks away from the cell wall

Biology Year 9 (5 decks)

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