Biological Molecules Flashcards
What are the four types of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides - smallest carbs, simplest sugars, examples glucose and fructose
Disaccharides- 2 monomers
Oligosaccharides - several
Polysaccharides - thousands of simple sugars ex: starch, glycogen and cellulose
What makes lipids specials
Diverse group that are characterized by low (or no) solubility in water
Examples of lipids
Steroids, phospholipids, fats and oils
What is the definition of a saturated fat.
When the fatty acid tail of a lipid is carrying the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon backbone.
What is the definition of unsaturated fat.
When the fatty acid tail have one or more double bonded carbons, thus having less than the max number of hydrogen molecules.
What are proteins monomers called. (What are there building blocks)
Amino acids
How many types of amino acids are there
20
What bonds amino acids together
Peptide bonds
What does DNA stand for
Deoxyribonucleic acid
What is DNA?
A molecule that carries instructions to construct (protein) each organism on earth
What is the two polymer DNA is made out of
The monomer is called nucleotides
What is the shape of DNA
The two strands of nucleotides twist around each other to form a double helix
What are the three components of DNA nucleotide
Deoxyribose (a five-carbon sugar ring)
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base
What are the two nitrogenous bases. Name their difference and bases
Purine
- two interlocking ring
- guanine and adenine
Pyrimidine
- single ring
-Cytosine and thymine and uracil
What is a phosphodiester bond?
When nucleotides join together via a bond between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of another
What do you call when you know the sequence of a nucleotide and can predict a strand that goes with it
Complementary strand
What is a positive control?
Something we know will give a positive reaction. For each test/reagent one of the test tubes with a known solution will be a positive control
Example iodine will react with starch solution
What is a negative control?
Something we know does not contain the molecules we are testing for and therefore know will give a negative reaction. Water was a negative control for the biological molecule lab.
What reacts with iodine. What colour is the positive reaction and negative reaction.
Iodine reacts with starch (starch) - blue
Negative reaction yellow
What reacts with Benedict’s. What’s colour positive reaction and negative reaction.
Benedict’s reacts with glucose (reducing sugar) - brown
Negative reaction - blue
What reacts with biuret. What colour is the positive reaction and negative reaction.
Biuret reacts with gelatin (protein)- violet
Negative reaction blue
What reacts with Sudan iv. What colour is positive reaction and negative reaction.
Sudan IV reacts with corn oil (lipid)- pink
Negative reaction -clear
Acid Hydrolysis
When macromolecules can be broken down into monomers in the presence of heat and acid.
What is the purpose of doing an iodine test in the starch test tube.
The starch test tube acted as the positive control since we already know the presence of starch in an iodine test will cause a positive reaction.
