Biological Molecules Flashcards

Chapter 2, Pt 2

1
Q

What areBiological Molecules (Biomolecule)?

A

Any of the numerous substances that are produced by living things

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acid

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2
Q

What are Proteins?

A

One of the most abundant organic molecules in living systems and have the most diverse range of functions

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3
Q

What are the 8 functions of Proteins?

A

Catalysis:
Defense:
Transport:
Support:
Motion:
Regulation:
Storage:
Toxin:

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4
Q

What is the structre and compostion of proteins?

A

-Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen as major compounds
-All proteins are polymers of amino acids
-Contain an amino group(-NH₂) and a carboxyl group (-COOH)

Know how to draw basic structure of a protein

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5
Q

How are protein classififed?

A

Proteins can be classified by:
Size
Nature
Molecular Shape
Conformation

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6
Q

What are Fibrous Proteins?

A

-Functional in the second level of confirmation
-insoluble in water, physically tough
-Composed of long polypeptide chains crosslinked at the internal forming a long fibrous sheet
-Have structural functions e.g. collagen, myosin, silk, keratin

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7
Q

What are Globular Proteins?

A

-Tightly folded proteins that form spherical shapes that are easily soluble
-Mostly exist in the tertiary level of conformation

enzymes, antibodies, hormones

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8
Q

What areIntermediate Proteins

A

Fibrous but soluble proteins

e.g. fibrinogen (forms an insoluble fibrin when blood cloths

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9
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

The unique sequence and number of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
-Higher levels of organization are decoded by the primary structure

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10
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

A

-A regular recurring arrangement in the space of adjacent amino acid residues in a polypeptide chain
-Maintained by hydrogen bonds betweenamide hydrogens and carboxy oxygen of the peptide back bone

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11
Q

What is a Alpha Helix Secondary Structre

A

A structre in which hydrogen bonds form between amide hydrogens and carboxyl oxygen of the peptide backbone (four amino acids apart) causing a twist in the amino acid chain

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12
Q

What is a Beta () Pleated Sheet Secondary Structre

A

-Formed by hydrogen bonding between atoms on the backbone of the polypeptide chain

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13
Q

What is a Carbohydrate?

A

Are organic compounds with the general formula(CH₂O)n where n = 3
to 9
-The most abundant and widespread organic substances in nature and essential constituents of all living things

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14
Q

What are monoscaccerides?

A

Simple sugars that are the monomersof carbohydrates

-Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆): A primary energy source for cells
-Fructose (C₆H₁₂O₆): Found in fruits
-Galactose (C₆H₁₂O₆): Found in milk sugar

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15
Q

What are Disaccharide (Double Sugar)?

A

Two monosacceide molecules of a simple sugar that are linked to each other by Glycosidic bonds

General Formula: C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁
-Sucrose: (Glucose + Fructose)
-Lactose: (Glucose + Galactose)
-Maltose: (Glucose + Glucose)

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16
Q

What are Oligosaccharides?

A

Carbohydrates that consist of three to six monosaccharides

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17
Q

What are Polysaccharides

A

Large molecules that can consist of as many as 10,00 monosaccharides

General Formula: Cₓ(H₂O)ᵧ

18
Q

What is Cellulose?

A

The principal structural component of plants, a complex polysaccharide consisting of many glucose units linked together
-Found in plant cell walls

19
Q

What is Starch?

A

Complex glucose polysaccharide
-Storage form of glucose in plants

20
Q

What is Glycogen?

A

Complex glucose polysaccharide

-Storage form of glucose in humans and other vertebrae
-Stored in liver and muscle cells

21
Q

Aldehyde Group

22
Q

Ketone Group

23
Q

Carbohydrate: Cellulase

A

Breaks down cellulose into glucose

24
Q

Lipids

A

Hydrophobic (“water-fearing”), nonpolar molecules that serve several important biological functions and include various
-Store energy for long-term use in the form in adipocytes

25
Q

Function of Lipids

A

-Storage form of energy
-Structural component of bio-membranes
-Provide insulation against external temp (subcutaneous fat)
-Protects internal organs providing a cushioning effect (pads & fat)
-Metabolic regulations (steroid, hormones, prostaglandins)
-Acts as electric insulators in neurons
-Help in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A,D,E,and K)

26
Q

Classification of Lipids

A

Can be classified as simple or compound
-Simple: Esters of fatty acids with glycerol or other higher alcohols
-Compound: Fatty acids esters with alcohols but in addition they contain other groups
Ex: Phospholipids, Derived Lipids, Glucolipids

27
Q

Phospholipids

A

Lipids containing phosphate groups
-Forms when one of the three -Oh groups of glycerol combine with phosphoric acid instead of a fatty acid
-Phosphate head us hydrophilic and the other end is hydrophobic

28
Q

Glycolipids

A

Lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic (covalent) bond.

29
Q

Steroids.

30
Q

Triglyceride

A

It consists of two main components- glycerol and fatty acid
-A fatty acid is attached to each of the three oxygen atoms in the -OH groups of the glycerol molecule with a covalent bond

31
Q

Gylcerol

A

An organic compound with three carbon atoms, five hydrogen atoms, and, and three hydroxyl groups(-OH)

32
Q

Fatty Acid

A

Long chain of hydrocarbons to which an acidic carboxyl group (-COOH) is attached

33
Q

Unsaturated Fats (Oils)

A

-Contains one or more double bonds in its hydrocarbon chain (not saturated in hydrogen atoms)
-Liquid at room temp
One double bond gives a monounsaturated fat (olive oil)
-More than one double bond gives polyunsaturated fat (canola oil)
-Improves blood cholesterol Lvl

34
Q

Saturated Fat

A

It doesn’t contain double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain (saturated in hydrogen atoms)
-Solid at room temperature
-Stored in adipocytes in humans, stored in seeds in plants
-Forms plaque in arterial wall

35
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Key macromolecules carry the genetic blueprint of a cell and carry instructions for cell function

36
Q

Nucleotide

A

The precursors of the nucleic acids
-made up of
-A Nitrogenous base (Purine or pyrimidine)
-Pentose sugar (Ribose or Deoxyribose)
-Phosphate Group

37
Q

Formation of a Nucleic Acid

38
Q

Formation of a Nucleotide

A

Purines:
Pyrimidines:

39
Q

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

40
Q

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

41
Q

DNA Double-Helical Structure

42
Q

Other Common Nucleotides