Biological Molecules Flashcards
Chapter 2, Pt 2
What areBiological Molecules (Biomolecule)?
Any of the numerous substances that are produced by living things
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acid
What are Proteins?
One of the most abundant organic molecules in living systems and have the most diverse range of functions
What are the 8 functions of Proteins?
Catalysis:
Defense:
Transport:
Support:
Motion:
Regulation:
Storage:
Toxin:
What is the structre and compostion of proteins?
-Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen as major compounds
-All proteins are polymers of amino acids
-Contain an amino group(-NH₂) and a carboxyl group (-COOH)
Know how to draw basic structure of a protein
How are protein classififed?
Proteins can be classified by:
Size
Nature
Molecular Shape
Conformation
What are Fibrous Proteins?
-Functional in the second level of confirmation
-insoluble in water, physically tough
-Composed of long polypeptide chains crosslinked at the internal forming a long fibrous sheet
-Have structural functions e.g. collagen, myosin, silk, keratin
What are Globular Proteins?
-Tightly folded proteins that form spherical shapes that are easily soluble
-Mostly exist in the tertiary level of conformation
enzymes, antibodies, hormones
What areIntermediate Proteins
Fibrous but soluble proteins
e.g. fibrinogen (forms an insoluble fibrin when blood cloths
What is the primary structure of a protein?
The unique sequence and number of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
-Higher levels of organization are decoded by the primary structure
What is the secondary structure of a protein?
-A regular recurring arrangement in the space of adjacent amino acid residues in a polypeptide chain
-Maintained by hydrogen bonds betweenamide hydrogens and carboxy oxygen of the peptide back bone
What is a Alpha Helix Secondary Structre
A structre in which hydrogen bonds form between amide hydrogens and carboxyl oxygen of the peptide backbone (four amino acids apart) causing a twist in the amino acid chain
What is a Beta () Pleated Sheet Secondary Structre
-Formed by hydrogen bonding between atoms on the backbone of the polypeptide chain
What is a Carbohydrate?
Are organic compounds with the general formula(CH₂O)n where n = 3
to 9
-The most abundant and widespread organic substances in nature and essential constituents of all living things
What are monoscaccerides?
Simple sugars that are the monomersof carbohydrates
-Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆): A primary energy source for cells
-Fructose (C₆H₁₂O₆): Found in fruits
-Galactose (C₆H₁₂O₆): Found in milk sugar
What are Disaccharide (Double Sugar)?
Two monosacceide molecules of a simple sugar that are linked to each other by Glycosidic bonds
General Formula: C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁
-Sucrose: (Glucose + Fructose)
-Lactose: (Glucose + Galactose)
-Maltose: (Glucose + Glucose)
What are Oligosaccharides?
Carbohydrates that consist of three to six monosaccharides
What are Polysaccharides
Large molecules that can consist of as many as 10,00 monosaccharides
General Formula: Cₓ(H₂O)ᵧ
What is Cellulose?
The principal structural component of plants, a complex polysaccharide consisting of many glucose units linked together
-Found in plant cell walls
What is Starch?
Complex glucose polysaccharide
-Storage form of glucose in plants
What is Glycogen?
Complex glucose polysaccharide
-Storage form of glucose in humans and other vertebrae
-Stored in liver and muscle cells
Aldehyde Group
Ketone Group
Carbohydrate: Cellulase
Breaks down cellulose into glucose
Lipids
Hydrophobic (“water-fearing”), nonpolar molecules that serve several important biological functions and include various
-Store energy for long-term use in the form in adipocytes
