Biological Molecules

Question 2

Biological Molecules (Biomolecule)

Answer 2

Any of the numerous substances that are produced by living things
Ex: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acid

Question 3

Carbohydrate

Answer 3

Are organic compounds with the general formula
-The most abundant and widespread organic substances in nature and essential constituents of all living things

Question 4

Carbohydrate: Monosaccharide

Answer 4

Simple sugars that are the basic building blocks of carbohydrates.
Ex:
-Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆): A primary energy source for cells
-Fructose (C₆H₁₂O₆): Found in fruits
-Galactose (C₆H₁₂O₆): Found in milk sugar

Question 5

Carbohydrate: Disaccharide (Double Sugar)

Answer 5

Two molecules of a simple sugar that are linked to each other by Glycosidic bonds
Ex:
-Sucrose: (Glucose + Fructose) in cane sugar
-Lactose: (Glucose + Galactose) in
-Maltose: (Glucose + Glucose) in

Question 6

Carbohydrate: Oligosaccharides

Answer 6

Carbohydrates that consist of three to six monosaccharides

Question 7

Carbohydrate: Polysaccharides

Answer 7

Large molecules that can consist of as many as 10,00 monosaccharides

Question 8

Carbohydrate: Cellulose

Answer 8

The principal structural component of plants, a complex polysaccharide consisting of many glucose units linked together
-Found in plant cell wall

Question 9

Carbohydrate: Starch

Answer 9

Complex glucose polysaccharide
-Storage form of glucose in plants

Question 10

Carbohydrate: Glycogen

Answer 10

Complex glucose polysaccharide
-Storage form of glucose in humans and other vertebrae
-Stored in liver and muscle cells

Question 11

Aldehyde Group

Question 12

Ketone

Question 13

Carbohydrate: Cellulase

Answer 13

Breaks down cellulose into glucose

Question 14

Lipids

Answer 14

Hydrophobic (“water-fearing”), nonpolar molecules that serve several important biological functions and include various
-Store energy for long-term use in the form in adipocytes

Question 15

Function of Lipids

Answer 15

-Storage form of energy
-Structural component of bio-membranes
-Provide insulation against external temp (subcutaneous fat)
-Protects internal organs providing a cushioning effect (pads & fat)
-Metabolic regulations (steroid, hormones, prostaglandins)
-Acts as electric insulators in neurons
-Help in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A,D,E,and K)

Question 16

Classification of Lipids

Answer 16

Can be classified as simple or compound
-Simple: Esters of fatty acids with glycerol or other higher alcohols
-Compound: Fatty acids esters with alcohols but in addition they contain other groups
Ex: Phospholipids, Derived Lipids, Glucolipids

Question 17

Phospholipids

Answer 17

Lipids containing phosphate groups
-Forms when one of the three -Oh groups of glycerol combine with phosphoric acid instead of a fatty acid
-Phosphate head us hydrophilic and the other end is hydrophobic

Question 18

Glycolipids

Answer 18

Lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic (covalent) bond.

Question 19

Steroids.

Question 20

Triglyceride

Answer 20

It consists of two main components- glycerol and fatty acid
-A fatty acid is attached to each of the three oxygen atoms in the -OH groups of the glycerol molecule with a covalent bond

Question 21

Gylcerol

Answer 21

An organic compound with three carbon atoms, five hydrogen atoms, and, and three hydroxyl groups(-OH)

Question 22

Fatty Acid

Answer 22

Long chain of hydrocarbons to which an acidic carboxyl group (-COOH) is attached

Question 23

Unsaturated Fats (Oils)

Answer 23

-Contains one or more double bonds in its hydrocarbon chain (not saturated in hydrogen atoms)
-Liquid at room temp
One double bond gives a monounsaturated fat (olive oil)
-More than one double bond gives polyunsaturated fat (canola oil)
-Improves blood cholesterol Lvl

Question 24

Saturated Fat

Answer 24

It doesn’t contain double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain (saturated in hydrogen atoms)
-Solid at room temperature
-Stored in adipocytes in humans, stored in seeds in plants
-Forms plaque in arterial wall

Question 25

Nucleic Acids

Answer 25

Key macromolecules carry the genetic blueprint of a cell and carry instructions for cell function

Question 26

Nucleotide

Answer 26

The precursors of the nucleic acids
-made up of
-A Nitrogenous base (Purine or pyrimidine)
-Pentose sugar (Ribose or Deoxyribose)
-Phosphate Group

Question 27

Formation of a Nucleic Acid

Question 28

Formation of a Nucleotide

Answer 28

Purines:
Pyrimidines:

Question 30

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

Question 31

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

Question 32

DNA Double-Helical Structure

Question 33

Other Common Nucleotides