biological molecules Flashcards
Describe the induced-fit model of enzyme action
Substrate binds to the active site/enzyme,
Active site changes shape (slightly) so it is complementary to
substrate, Reduces activation energy
what is dna made up of
deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group and a nitrogenous base
what is rna made up of
ribose sugar, phosphate group and a nitrogenous base + uracil
what is a monomer
a smaller repeating unit used to make up larger molecules
what is a polymer
a larger repeating unit made up of lots of monomers joined together by a condensation reaction forming a glyosidic bond
what is a monosaccharide
a unit of sugar called saccharide used to make up larger molecules
what is a polysaccharide
larger unit of sugar made up of many monosaccharidic units joined together
a glucose
hydroxide on the bottom, h on the top
b glucose
hydroxide group on the top, hydrogen on the bottom
properties of starch
made up of a glucose arranged in a helix, chains may be branched or unbranched. Unbranched chains form a tight coil, making the molecule useful for storage.
- insoluble, doesnt affect water potential
- can be readily hydrolysed into a glucose for respiration
properties of glycogen
made up of a glucose joined by 1-4 and 1,6 glyosidic bonds. Branched chains
insoluble, compact, enzyme action
properties of cellulose
made up of b glucose monomers joined by 1,4 glyosidic bonds, straight unbranched chains that run parallel to each other, hydrogen bonds able to form cross linkages that form microfibrils, providing strength and rigidity to cells
how are the disaccharides formed
maltose - glucose + glucose
sucrose - fructose + glucose
lactose - galactose + glucose
amylopectin structure
isomer of starch, made up of glucose molecules joined by 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
branched
compact,
amylose
unbranched chain of glucose molecules, isomer of starch.
compact and coiled.
tertiary level structure of proteins
disulphide bridges, hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds
3D shape of a protein formed from twisting and folding
globular vs fibrous proteins
globular - compact
fibrous - long and can be used to form fibres
primary structure of proteins
order and number of amino acids in a sequence
secondary structure of proteinsar
chain of amino acids that either make alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
hydrogen in the NH has a slight negative charge whilst the C—O has a slight positive charge forming weak hydrogen bonds that ca either form alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
quaternary level structure
large proteins form complex molecules containing different numbers f polypeptide chains. non protein groups
3 polypeptide chains associated with the molecules
