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A Level Bio > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a monomer?

A

Small repeating units that make up larger molecules

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2
Q

Polymer

A

Large molecules made from lots of monomers bonded together

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3
Q

Name the four biological molecules

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

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4
Q

Name the monomer and polymer of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides
Polysaccharides

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5
Q

What type of bond holds monosaccharides together

A

Glycosidic

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6
Q

Name a polymer of monosaccharides

A

Glycogen
Cellulose
Starch

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7
Q

Name the monomer and polymer of proteins

A

Amino acids
Polypeptides

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8
Q

Name the bond that holds amino acids together

A

Peptide bond

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9
Q

Name a polymer of amino acids

A

Enzymes
Antibodies
Haemoglobin

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10
Q

Name the monomer and the polymer of nucleic acids

A

Nucleotides
Polynucleotide

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11
Q

What bond holds nucleotides together

A

Phosphodiester bond

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12
Q

Name a polymer of nucleotides

A

DNA
RNA

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13
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

It joins two monomers together forming a covalent bond, eliminating a molecule of water

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14
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

It uses water to break polymers into the monomers

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15
Q

How many carbon atoms in a hexsose sugar and give an example?

A

6 carbon atoms
Glucose

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16
Q

How many carbon atoms are in a pentose sugar and give an example?

A

5 carbon atoms
Ribose/deoxyribose

17
Q

What is an isomer?

A

A molecule that has the same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms.

18
Q

What makes maltose?

A

Glucose and glucose

19
Q

What does glucose and fructose make?

A

Sucrose

20
Q

What makes up lactose?

A

Glucose and galactose

21
Q

Name three functions of starch.

A

-It is branched/coiled so it makes the molecule compact
- Branched ends for fast breakdown
- It is too large to leave the cell so it doesn’t affect the water potential.

22
Q

What is the abbreviation for fatty acids?

A

RCOOH

23
Q

What is the difference between a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

Unsaturated has double bonds between straight carbon atoms

24
Q

What is the structure of amino acids?

A

Amine group
R group
Carboxylic group

25
Q

What is the primary structure of proteins?

A

The specific sequence of amino acids

26
Q

What is the secondary structure of proteins?

A

Hydrogen bonds form between amino acids in the chain causing it to coil into an alpha helix or fold into a beta pleated sheet depending on the order of amino acids.

27
Q

What is the tertiary structure of proteins?

A

A 3D folding pattern is created due to the sequence of amino acids in the chain as hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds and disulphide bonds form between R groups.

28
Q

What is the quaternary structure of proteins?

A

If proteins are made of more than one polypeptide chain then they are joined together.

29
Q

Why does the folding of a polypeptide chain occur?

A

Due to the hydrogen bonds forming between groups of peptide bonds.

30
Q

What are the properties of fatty acids?

A

-high ratio of hydrogen and carbon atoms to oxygens
-large due to long hydrocarbon chain
-non polar due to long hydrocarbon chain being non polar

31
Q

What are the properties of triglycerides?

A
  • insoluble in water
  • large
  • non polar
  • hydrophobic
32
Q

What are the properties of triglycerides?

A
  • insoluble in water
  • large
  • non polar
  • hydrophobic
33
Q

What is the ration of carbons and hydrogens to oxygens in fatty acids?

A

12:1

34
Q

What does it mean for a molecule to be hydrophobic?

A

It doesn’t dissolve in water

35
Q

Describe the structure of cellulose

A

-long straight unbranded chains arranged in layers
-made of beta-glucose monosaccharides joined with beta-1,4 glycosidic bonds

36
Q

What is the rigidity of a plant cell made up of?

A
  • Long straight parallel chains with hydrogen bonds between them.
  • These chain are grouped into threads called microfibrils.
  • These long,straight,parallel threads are further grouped into macrofibrils which are wound together to build the cell wall.
37
Q

Explain how the properties of a triglyceride are suited to its function as an energy source.

A

Triglycerides have fatty acid tails which have a high ratio of carbon and hydrogen to oxygen, so they can release high amounts of energy via respiration to release large amounts of ATP.

A Level Bio (7 decks)

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