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Anatomy & Physiology 12 > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

Created using notes from Week 3 of class.

1
Q

Monomers are. . .

A

Individual building blocks.

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2
Q

Polymers are. . .

A

Structures built out of monomers.

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3
Q

The process of adding water to break apart bigger molecules into monomers is:

A

Hydrolysis.

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4
Q

The process of removing water and making a bigger molecule is:

A

Dehydration synthesis.

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5
Q

Glucose, glycerol, fatty acids, and amino acids are examples of. . .

A

Monomers.

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6
Q

Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are examples of. . .

A

Polymers.

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7
Q

How do cells obtain energy from carbohydrates?

A

Carbohydrates like monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are broken down by enzymes into glucose so the glucose can be absorbed.

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8
Q

What enzyme breaks down large polysaccharides like starch?

A

Amylase.

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9
Q

What enzyme breaks down lactose?

A

Lactase.

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10
Q

What enzyme breaks down sucrose?

A

Sucrase.

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11
Q

What enzyme breaks down maltose?

A

Maltase.

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12
Q

Carbohydrates are made up of which elements?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

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13
Q

The atoms of carbohydrates are typically found in the ratio. . .

A

1:2:1

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14
Q

This category of carbohydrate is used for immediate energy:

A

Monomer.

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15
Q

This category of carbohydrate is used for storing extra energy:

A

Polymer.

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16
Q

The simplest carbohydrates are. . .

A

Monosaccharides.

These saccharides have only one sugar molecule.

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17
Q

What are the most common examples of monosaccharides?

A

Glucose and fructose.

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18
Q

Disaccharides are. . .

A

Two linked sugar molecules.

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19
Q

Glucose + galactose =

A

Lactose.

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20
Q

Glucose + fructose =

A

Sucrose.

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21
Q

Glucose + glucose =

A

Maltose.

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22
Q

Complex carbohydrates are. . .

A

Polysaccharides.

And/or, oligosaccharides.

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23
Q

Long chains of many monosaccharides are. . .

A

Polysaccharides.

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24
Q

Plants store extra glucose as. . .

A

Starch.

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25
Q
A
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26
Q

Animals store extra glucose as. . .

A

Glycogen.

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27
Q

This polysaccharide is found in plant cell walls:

A

Cellulose.

28
Q

Glycogen is stored primarily in. . .

A

The liver and muscles.

29
Q

Which polysaccharide helps regulate blood sugar levels?

A

Glycogen.

30
Q

Which polysaccharide is undigestible to humans, and why?

A

Cellulose, because it is a long chain linked by alternating bonds which are difficult to digest.

31
Q

Why is cellulose important in our diets?

A

It makes up a bulk of stool matter and prevents constipation.

32
Q

Polysaccharides form structures that are large and _________.

A

Branching

33
Q

~______% of the dry weight of cells are made up of proteins.

A

~50%

34
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts that regulate metabolism.

35
Q

The monomers of proteins are:

A

Amino acids.

36
Q

How many types of amino acids are there?

A

20

37
Q

Amino acids are made out of these three different parts:

A

A carboxyl group, an amino group and an R group.

The carboxyl group contains C, O2 and H. The amino group is a N paired with H2. There are 20 different possible R groups.

38
Q

What function does the R group serve when a part of a protein?

A

It determines the shape, structure, and function of the protein.

This means that R groups determine the chemical properties of the protein; depending on the R group, a protein may be basic, acidic, polar or non-polar.

39
Q

Peptide bonds are covalent bonds that form between:

A

Amino acids.

40
Q

Many amino acids linked together are:

A

Polypeptides.

There are also dipeptides and tripeptides.

41
Q

Polypeptides with a distinct shape and form are. . .

A

Proteins.

42
Q

The sequence of each protein’s amino acids are determined by. . .

A

The gene that encodes the protein.

43
Q

The primary structure of a protein is:

A

The long chain of amino acids.

44
Q

The secondary structure of a protein structure is:

A

The twisting and folding of amino acids into an alpha-helix or a beta pleated sheet.

This caused by hydrogen bonds.

45
Q

The tertiary structure of a protein is:

A

The folding of the amino acid chains furthermore, with interactions between amino side chains.

46
Q

What are the different interactions that influence the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

Hydrophobic/hydrophylic amino acids, opposite charged amino acids, disulfide bridges, and hydrogen bonds.

47
Q

Why do hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions influence the tertiary structure of proteins?

A

Because some amino acids ‘prefer’ a particular environment (polar vs. non-polar).

For example, in a polar (aqueous) environment, polar sections of amino acids will fold around a non-polar section.

48
Q

To form tertiary structure, sections of amino acids with different charges will form ________ bonds to hold together segments of the polypeptide.

A

Ionic.

49
Q

Disulfide bridges help form the tertiary structure of proteins. What two monomers are linked as such?

A

Two amino acids called cysteine will form a strong bond known as a disulfide bridge between their SH groups.

50
Q

Hydrogen bonds which reinforce the tertiary structure of a protein may form between which atoms?

A

O and H or N and H.

Oxygen and Hydrogen or Nitrogen and Hydrogen.

51
Q

Two or more polypeptide chains of amino acids form the complete protein structure, known as the. . .

A

Quaternary structure.

52
Q

Denaturation is:

A

The disruption of the natural conformation of a protein.

53
Q

If denaturation of a protein is not too great, the protein can retain its native conformation through. . .

A

Renaturation.

54
Q

List the ways proteins can be denatured:

A

Change in pH, adding salt, adding heat, change in polar or non-polar environment, disruption of disulfide bridges by chemicals.

55
Q

What are the main categories of proteins based on function?

A

Structural, enzymatic, hormonal, transportational, and defensive.

56
Q

Hemoglobin is an example of:

A

A protein whose function is to transport materials.

57
Q

Lactase is an example of:

A

An enzymatic protein which hydrolyzes (breaks down via hydrolysis) lactose disaccharides.

58
Q

Insulin is an example of:

A

A hormonal protein which helps regulate blood sugar levels.

59
Q

Antibodies are an example of:

A

A defensive protein which provides immunity/protection from disease.

60
Q

Which of the following is not a polymer, and why: proteins, lipids, or carbohydrates?

A

Lipids, because they are made from different things and technically are not made up of monomers.

61
Q

Lipids are made of mostly ________ and _________.

A

Carbon and Hydrogen.

62
Q

What chemical property makes lipids stand out from carbohydrates and proteins?

A

They are hydrophobic; therefore, not soluble in water.

63
Q

Fats and oils are ____, and their main purpose is. . .

A

They are lipids. Fats and oils serve mainly as energy storage and contain double the energy per gram when compared to carbohydrates.

64
Q

Many lipids are formed with which structural components?

A

A glycerol molecule is attached via hydration synthesis to three fatty acids.

65
Q
A

Anatomy & Physiology 12 (5 decks)

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