biological molecules Flashcards
chap 3
4 key elements
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
2 key elements in cell biochemistry
sulfur
phosphorus
What is a molecule?
non metals that are covalently bonded (eg O2)
What elements are specific to proteins and nucleic acids?
Proteins: nitrogen, sulfur
Nucleic acids: nitrogen, phosphorus
3 ions for nervous impulse transmissions
Ca 2+
Na +
K +
2 ions for determining pH in solutions
H +
OH -
2 ions for nitrogen in plants (and names)
NH4 + (ammonium)
NO3 - (nitrate)
2 ions for transport of respiratory gases (and names)
HCO3 - (hydrogen carbonate)
Cl - (chloride)
1 ion for nucleic acid and ATP formation (and name)
PO4 3- (phosphate)
Are the key ions in this module inorganic or organic? Why? Is there an exception?
Inorganic
None contain C-H bonds
HCO3 - contains carbon and hydrogen, but the carbon forms a C-O bond
What reaction joins monomers together and releases a water molecule?
Condensation
What reaction requires a water molecule to BREAK DOWN polymers?
Hydrolysis
When 2 monomers join, what do they form?
A dimer
Why is water a polar molecule? (4 points)
- 0 overall charge
- Oxygen is slightly neg region (d-)
- Hydrogen is a slightly pos region (d+)
- Bc oxygen has more protons, it attracts e- closer to it
Where are hydrogen bonds formed? Why? What do they do and what is this similar to?
- Adjacent to water molecules
- As they are pos and bond to neg oxygen
- Hold multiple molecules together like IMF
What are the 5 essential properties of water?
- Cohesion, adhesion and surface tension
- High SHC and LH of V
- Low density
- Essential to metabolism
- Acts as a solvent
What is cohesion? Due to?
tendency of water to stick together (due to hydrogen bonds)
What is capillary action? Due to?
Ability of water to be pulled up the stem and go against gravity (due to cohesion and adhesion)
What is adhesion? Due to?
Ability of water to stick to cell wall (due to hydrogen bonds)
What is surface tension?
Where water meets air, the tendency of water to be pulled back into a body of water
What does a high specific heat capacity (SHC) mean?
Takes in a lot of energy before getting hotter
What does a high specific latent heat of vaporisation (LH of V) mean?
Takes in a lot of energy before evaporating
Why is a high SHC good for water? (2 points)
- Smaller temp range so organisms’ enzymes don’t denature
- Less ice melts= less habitat loss